Blessed with CNG and explore what it can do, if he chose the second way of life, it will have a colorful life, and have the opportunity to make more decisions for themselves, and geography can help you use the second approach to life. anniversary, in this special year, words reminiscent of the habit of 15 to 17 centuries of Western explorers sailing activities. During this magnificent history books, did not leave a Chinese name. The people selected will demonstrate: historical value and significance, as well as experts and scholars have great dedication. I'm just in close contact with the editorial department, the deeply felt album devoted to the editorial leadership and editors for their hard Han River in just two months, published in this more than 400 pages of the giant album, the number of silent work, and how many sought-after state, from which can be imagined. a scientific attitude, strict work style, excellent skills, as well as day and night, sleepless nights hh, etc., each people who read the album, can be from a picture, one paragraph, read the words out.
Preface: The author found
Zhang Xiang Wen / Qiang
one of modern China who began geography? retrospective up, non-Wen Zhang phase is not.
people Jie Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, especially multi-geography master. . ZHANG Xiang text is of Jiangsu Siyang people.
25 people, Zhang Wen third place, one for Yang Shoujing their previous two, traditional public opinion to sociologists; one is on behalf of Zou Jun, map experts. Zhang Xiang-wen, the was Weng Wenhao, Impact and etc., are all students of modern European and American geographers. Thus, to support a point of view: Geography of China Zhang Xiang Wen pick on the history of tradition, the hub of the new school under the figure of Kai.
fact, for Zhang Xiang Wen, should not say that, Because a hundred years ago, he is a celebrity mm Chinese Geographical Society president, House of Representatives, the Northern Women's College presidents. But history of the dust clouds to the image of some fuzzy.
Mr. Zhang Xiangwen portrait at the age of 48, we
findings from the Renmin University of China began.
dark lighting, the narrow iron ladder, crunch sound of the wood, which is the Chinese People's University Library rare books room. I find a number of books, these books in 1954 Zhang Zhishan donated to the National People's Congress of the library. He was the first president of China to learn the grandson of Zhang Xiang-wen, book donations is a follow the will of his father, Zhang Xing Lang.
constantly be found: of thanks: teaching course in one hundred and five reference for the study. Another six p.m. today just prepared vegetables to the table as appropriate gratitude .
This statement on China's north-south dividing line, it comes from , children play play, very Huan contact. a few years later, here a few easy to master. When we went with Mr. Zhang Xiangwen years have been the grandson of the oldest old people and great-grandsons Zhang Xiaosong Zhang Xin ancestors back to old house, the courtyard houses were built extrusion was only the narrow streets, old houses, although in, but already beyond recognition. house like this, the people He Yikan? Photo / Wang Tong
holding a book design elegant, drawing realistic, beautifully printed. It is said that this is the earliest geography textbooks. issued at the beginning, compared with the Zhang Wen as saying: Zhang Xiang-wen Chronicle said: words. Zhang Xiang Wen Zhu Wen said, and the matter was: geology textbook, argument, Tracing the source, the original is Zhang Xiang-wen first (see several schools, he served as president of the Northern Women's College. Served as National History Compilation of Peking University, Peking University part-time lecturer, teaching transmission. Zhang Xiang Wen of China science communication pioneer. narrative of Geographical Sciences, Zhang Wen choosing the Essentials, diction Jie Ya, paragraph statement, transforms, learn a rhyme. though not prose, but rhythm.
, both for Mongolian Studies, Zhang Wen Dubbed the design of a studious child, castle or traveling with his father, at home and abroad, children see the suspect Kai asked, his father with the answer with the question. a question and answer, he gave a geographic knowledge to readers. This forms of communication, mostly for the later use of popular science writers.
Zhang basic knowledge of geography relative to the text of the self. readme said: Bo Xie table to our home by New Year, Private Second granduncle said that: It is a pity children. If we can continue reading, I would like the wife of the women. dark, no one to rely on books to liuyin Department, squat to head chanting, chanting Noir can remember; or smell his students read, tapping it, will never forget Noir, and the book on the geography of a deep imprinted in the brain were. I do not know have a map style also, but they speculated that the fresco from the local people in, although the profile does not have, also with hides his situation. young school old school, but of great concern to the new school. New Year's Eve, read were dozens of people.
geographical knowledge is not only self-learning, is self-Japanese. He in Shanghai Nanyang hours, Kotaro Kuribayashi teachers from Japan studying Japanese, and later with the abundance of eight school Fujita. thirty-year-old, Japanese have pass. and the Japanese people joint translation of certain books, especially worth mentioning is the joint translation of the Japanese and people of Montesquieu, br> only these achievements, China still can not be chasing the dean of academic geography. Its most prominent contributors to China to learn but to create.
1909 年 8 months old in Tianjin .45 Comrade Bai Yukun Zhang Xiang Wen gather Tao Mao Li, Hanhuai Li, Zhang Boling was founded in China to learn. founding at the beginning, worked with Nantong Zhang Jian to seek it. Zhang Jian said: financial resources on behalf Jun Zou Ru? Yang Li to donate four hundred, three hundred foreign donations military governor of Jiangsu, two hundred from the donation, and friends donated three hundred yuan, to cease publication in 1938, a total of 28 years. because things change, funding was hard, sometimes monthly, sometimes quarterly, biannual and sometimes, sometimes combined issue. when stopping a total of 181 printed. Many a pioneer in its on geography published papers, such as Weng Wenhao published four, such as Zhang Xiang-wen, also published many academic articles, such as the face of modern geography infancy.
100 years now. A few days later, at the Great Hall will hold a grand commemoration. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Peking University, Beijing Normal University, Capital Normal University held Geography Conference, thousands of participants. But people will remember: Passing the torch, and the cross-handed, and rivers is great, since the source also.
> 2009, 10 of the cover on the cover of
alternative options for the cover photo
: Dr Gang (Tibet Medog County Beibeng 7782 meters above sea level the snow-capped mountains Namjagbarwa, 742 meters above sea level the river Brahmaputra) Alternative cover
on the theme of our century discovery of Chinese geography, geographers from all the hundreds of projects recommended to tease out the contents of most interest to readers, and some even we ourselves feel vividly described the strange things out is not an easy thing to do. Of course, the more difficult the choice of the cover.
in this selection before the Geographical Society of China president, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lu Road, tried to get us defined geographical discovery, both as mountains, rivers, caves, salt lakes, Danxia (topography) so intuitive geographical phenomena, there are natural divisions, agricultural zoning such systems and spatial structure of geographical discovery. but to choose cover, we hope that abstract away from the geographical concept of landscape from the start with all the usual close.
the theme of geographical discovery will naturally involve a lot of beautiful natural and cultural landscape, such as the massive Three Rivers, Mysterious Ruins, the Huaihe River boundary layer upon layer of Qinling and the vicissitudes of the Lop Nur, Danxia and beautiful snow-capped mountains, glaciers, Zhangshiyan other.
in Sichuan, Yunnan, bordering Tibet Mountains, the Jinsha River , Lancang and Nu Three Rivers, the scientists found that by the Lancang River to the Jinsha River from Nu smallest distance is only 80.5 km, from the remote map, the river, such as a tape, floating in the criss-cross the valley between the wavering and magnificent.
There are 90s of last century several visits China Association for Scientific Expedition had Brahmaputra Canyon, from satellite remote sensing map, where deep canyons, cliffs, said to a maximum depth of 5382 meters. No one in the heart of the Grand Canyon district river, but also bears a few of the Great Falls Group, the largest waterfall 35 meters high, wide and 62.57 meters, from far away you can hear the sound of rock waterfalls crash.
figure Zhangshiyan landscape, 70 is the last century, Chinese geographers study in the Taihang Mountains in the long wall of sandstone found in the red cliff landscape. This landscape has a long continuous wall of Danya, step-like cliffs, vertical valley, the river is usually imposed in cliffs sharp drops in the form of waterfalls, such as the southern tip of this was taken in the Taihang Mountains in Henan Huixian customs territory of the pictures, flash floods like the dragon out of its hole, waterfalls, it is truly spectacular.
but these pictures are not fully reflect our current geographical discovery , the background is the Meili Snow Mountain, close range but is a measure of the investigation team to Mount Everest Mount Everest the situation. We hope that the links across time and space, the performance of over half a century the people of the land of China's continuing to explore the process of discovery . so we feel, can very well use it as a cover to express geographical workers discovered hundreds of years.
discovery of Chinese Geographic list
1. 1908, Zhang Xiang-wen the first time ;
Zhang Xiang Wen devoted his life to geographic education, and went to Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi, Henan and Inner Mongolia were investigated .1908 geography, Zhang Xiang-wen in the the north, the Great Wall Yinshan. South and North China's natural geographical boundaries, rules for understanding and guidance of our natural geography of agricultural production are of great significance.
2. 1972, the Impact and the first time revealed the nearly five thousand years of Chinese
Impact and Climate Change published in 1972, times revealed. The basic conclusion is that from the Yin Ruins in Anyang Yangshao to two thousand years, the annual average temperature of the Yellow River Basin generally higher than now 2 ℃; after a series of well-being changes, ranging from roughly 1m2 ℃, each wave cycle, which lasted about 400m800 years. climatic fluctuations in world history, but each of the coldest period, seems to have first emerged from the East Asian Pacific Rim, Europe and Africa and then spread to the Atlantic coast.
3. 20 Century 50's to 90's, Liu Dongsheng and put forward loess Investigation and experimental analysis, completion of the .20 multi-cycle theory of the 80's, Liu Dongsheng reconstruction based on 250 years of Chinese loess climate change since the history of the Chinese loess record of paleoclimatic change as the most important archives, and deep-sea sediment, polar ice cores parallel to the global environment Change the three pillars.
4. Natural Division of China and the on topography, climate, hydrology, diving, soil, vegetation, animals and insects eight elements of division, together with the integrated natural division, sub-9 .1959 writing published in 1959 in Huang Bingwei editor of the , for the most detailed and systematic monograph of the National Natural Division. it was first revealed in detail the system and the geographical area of the law of China for regional economic development, macroeconomic research provides the basis for regional natural structure by Impact and .1972, Huang Bingwei community organizations such as National Geographic 200, writing Hedin Ruins
1900 found that 3 at the end, the Swedish explorer Sven. Hedin led his unit to the left along the dry river bed to Rob Peacock wilderness, his assistant in the camp picked up a few pieces of wood fragments, so gentle. Hedin excited .1901 on March 3 began digging and found the pagoda and 3 Block 1 with a Greek temple and the wooden building elements of art and culture, five baht money, instruments and wooden slips and many other artifacts. then they are also southeast of the ruins discovered many beacon towers, has been extended to the Lop Nur in the West Bank an ancient city buried by sand, which is Loulan City Site. Loulan site that has an extremely important historical and cultural value, but also for the study of history during the evolution of the local natural environment provides the best example.
6. the Chinese first discovered on Mount Everest, named in 1975 for the first time accurately measure the
early in Qing Dynasty (1719 years), ; to mark Mother Lang Mae Lin Zhu (ie Mount Everest), 1858 was altered into Mount Everest by the British (Mount Everest) .1951 in Qin-yu should be restored first proposed the name of Mount Everest, in 1952 the Chinese government officially .1958 restore the name of Mount Everest, Lin Chao published Measuring team wins housing, distribution and possession of Chu Lan bleeding children of Pakistan, this. meters, has been used around the world; 2005 3S National Mapping Agency and the application of modern geophysical techniques, the measured height of Mount Everest as 8,844.43 m date. The results obtained recognition of UNESCO and the world (1975 to stop using the data ).
7. 1935, the Hu Huanyong proposed Heihe (Aihui) m Tengchong line that Banbi sparsely populated, accounting for 64% of land area, its population accounts for only 4% of the country, after this line is called Exact calculations show that, according to Hu Huanyong line is calculated as the country's total land area of Southeast Banbi 43.8%, 94.1% of the total population, average population density is 285 persons per square kilometer; Northwest Banbi the country's total land area of 56.2%, 5.9% of the total population The average population density is 14 people per square kilometer. Banbi Northwest Southeast Banbi and the ratio of the total population is still 94 ︰ 6.
8. 20 Century 50's to 90's, to Liu Dongsheng, Shi, Sun Honglie and other leaders of the Tibetan Plateau made a series of comprehensive scientific survey key findings to the tropical Himalayan
① found: something over 2,000 kilometers, more than the number of times the new, high temperature, type of hydrothermal activity shows rich tropical constitute an indispensable global to a ring, disciplines to fill the gaps in geothermal. ② Tibetan Plateau uplift process and the proposed formation and evolution of the plateau monsoon: the 360 million years to uplift the stage named of the and the relationship between the horizontal zone; clarify the alpine desert, alpine steppe vegetation zones such as the type and make of the high plateau of Tibet, the theory of vegetation. ④ Tsangpo Jiang Zhengyuan recognized and the Plateau cold dry core: OK Pierre Tsangpo Jiang Zhengyuan Central were more than Sven . Hedin than the possession of the library identified a long cloth, water is also large; confirmed in the Kunlun Shannan Wing - North Qiangtang Plateau is cold and dry plateau of the core area, and through the middle of the northern margin of Altun Gobi area and gaxun connected to form Asia arid highland core. ⑤ determine the causes lakes and chemical characteristics of lakes in the geographical areas of change: the majority of lakes on the plateau proved crustal uplift process is broken or crushed and the formation of lake water depth, power, temperature, etc., found that many medium and large lakes have thermal characteristics of reserves; the chemical characteristics of plateau lakes with significant changes of the geographical area of the other. ⑥ research on the Tibetan Plateau ice core reveals climate history change.
9.20 the 50's, Zhen Zhu Da, found that Chinese desert formation and movement law
1952, the Ministry of Railway Survey and Design Institute and the Institute of Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences to carry out the southern margin of the Tengger desert sand dune landscape, and mobile Location observational studies Shapotou Zhongwei in Ningxia in 1954 established China's first observatory .1959 sand Sand set up teams of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the major desert in China and abroad. Zhu Da, earthquake Quaternary palaeogeography from the desert regions, underlying sediment composition, differentiation characteristics of start, that The basic process of the formation and movement rules.
10. Yangtze River, Yellow River, the source of the discovery and measurement of the Lancang
1976 and 1978, on the Yangtze River Yangtze River Water Resources Commission conducted two site visits to confirm the Yangtze River has three sources, Source Chumaerhe North, South source when the music, and originated in the main peak of Geladandong Tanggula Mountain glaciers such as ginger root Di Tuotuohe positive source, the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Geography and calculating the length of 6300 km .1952 Yellow River Conservancy Commission Yellow Heyuan were investigated to determine the column about old cases is the source of the Yellow River drainage, length of 5446 km .1978 Yellow River, the Qinghai Bureau of Surveying and Mapping staff re-organization of the Yellow River source inspection, make cards on the Yellow River is the source of music . About a dozen sources of Lancang saying in June 1999 study by the Institute of Remote Sensing measurement results is that its source in Qinghai Province, Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Toyama Kyrgyzstan heteropoly County, elevation 5200 meters. counting from here, Lancang ( Mekong River) is the length of 4909 km.
three rivers, the Jinsha River in the amount of water the most. This is the territory of Lijiang, Austin giant canyon, the Jinsha River flows from the distance as the Haba Snow Mountain. in connection with the Nu River, Lancang River flow side by side 170 kilometers, in the town of Lijiang Shek Kwu, the Jinsha River northward turning a corner away. Editor / Yasumizu Photo Editor / Wang Tong layout design / photo medium Bin / Xie Gang
This is the Lancang River slide tube Deqin County section of the river. Lancang River Valley into the Meili, the river narrowed, fast-flowing, no longer crossing, the history of the river thanks to the line Liusuo contempt, so the bank has a village named after the the throat, the plateau monsoon phenomenon
20 50 mid-century, high heat from the Jubilee, etc. According to the role of the Tibetan Plateau that plateau for the summer heat, the surface layer is the thermal pressure, the plateau for the cold source in winter, the formation of high pressure, and the pressure field corresponding to an altitude of 1000 meters in altitude, prevailing wind direction opposite to form a winter and summer monsoon layer, this finding Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its surrounding area of research is important climate.
12. 20 century, Chinese and foreign scholars discovered and named the landform
20 century, went to study Chinese and foreign scholars Lop Nur region, in Rob Heath large area of uplift found in the mound topography, locally known as over, landscape.
13. Zhou Lisan, Deng Jing, the Zhong Gongfu and so proposed that the agricultural zoning program, Wu Chuanjun other compilation Reference to the Western and Soviet agricultural location theory, agricultural type, and agricultural zoning, based on the actual situation in China, in the 20th century, the mid-60s proposed Agricultural regionalization. the program in accordance with the regional agricultural production conditions, characteristics, potential and direction and means, according to local similarity and differences among regions of the principle of division of descending level by level, the formation of different characteristics, different levels of the national comprehensive agricultural zoning system. with this approach, presided over the 20th century, has prepared 70 Wu Chuanjun a scientific basis.
here is a gradual transition to the plateau in western Sichuan Plain, the typical mixed farming land of the south side of 318 national road, enough to grow peas, wheat and rape of water. Editor / Photo Editor Liu Jing / Sun Yibo layout design / photo medium Bin / Xie Gang
14. 1928 years, Feng Jinglan discovered and named the Danxia layer, followed by Chinese scholars define landform
1928 years, Feng Jinglan other counties in the northern part of Guangdong found the formation of Renhua Danxia layer of red conglomerate, named in) such investigation and study, named the characteristics of continental sedimentary rocks from the red sand and gravel composition, is the world's endemic group found that low selenium belt, which reveals the geographical distribution of Keshan disease law
1935 年 Keshan disease first found in Keshan County, Heilongjiang Province, named Keshan disease. Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Geography, endemic group from the 20th century carried out since the late 60s Keshan endemic area of environmental studies conducted within and outside the endemic area and non-endemic area determination of selenium in the environment, water and food found in the ward selenium significantly lower blood selenium ward populations and hair Selenium is also low, indicating that selenium deficiency and Keshan disease is closely related. The survey found that in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan, there is a desolate area with low selenium, the seriously ill area at an altitude of more than 200m2000 meters, generally located in the second-level step of the terrain along the Mountains, Changbai Mountains, the Taihang Mountains, to the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau Liupanshan mountain. This discovery of the prevention of Keshan disease and the treatment of scientific basis.
16. 1934 年 Wenjiang the first time such as hypsometric contour drawing of large natural atlas composed of three series of town plans, sequence diagram 7, with Royal Jacobs equal area projection. ordinary map 44, by latitude and longitude lines framing, multi-cone projection. The first scientific atlas reflects China's topography is three level overview of steps to open up a new era of cartography .20 century, 60 years, the Impact and, Huang Bingwei leadership, Shu-Peng Chen presided over compilation of the map shows more than one million words, is the first comprehensive atlas of large-scale natural.
17. silver fir, fir, ibis and other animals and plants found in the relict
silver fir is a species endemic to China, 20th century, 50 years, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Zhong Ji Xin, the first in Guangxi Lingui discovered in 1957 by Miss Chan-yong, Marina may appoint name; Metasequoia is the world's rare relict plant, the 20th century, 40 in the early to the priesthood first in Hubei, Sichuan border Lichuan plan River Road (the Brothers River) found a surviving giant trees of Metasequoia, Wang warfare model samples collected, to 1946, research by the identification of Adherence and Zheng Wanjun it is to survive on Earth billions of years ago had the Metasequoia; crested ibis is rare rare birds, in May 1981, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, bird, in the gold home in Middle River, Yao Formation found two nests of Crested Ibis, a total of two pairs of adults, 3 chicks, crested ibis The re-discovery caused great shock at home and abroad.
18. 20 Century 80, land Avenue, proposed Land Boulevard in the 20th century in reference location 80 on a reciprocal basis, that ; the same time, point an axis as the basic framework of the 1994 Yang Yi domain so sure Brahmaputra Canyon Grand Canyon, the world's first Science Adventure
Association has in 1991 and 1993, the Grand Canyon of Yarlung expedition .1994 Yang Yi domain, Gao, Li Bogang hygiene arguments confirmed Tsangpo Grand Canyon is the world's largest canyon. Canyon length 496.3 km, the depth of 5382 m .1998 late October to early December, the association has organized expedition through the Grand Canyon on foot, and measurement of the Grand Canyon, further defined the status of the world's largest canyon.
10 month in the Tibetan mountain town Medog County Beibeng plateau captured scenery. distant snow-capped mountains is 7782 m above sea level with the Nanjia Ba Wanan slope, bottom of the screen is only 742 meters above sea level in the Brahmaputra GANG, where you can truly feel the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as the zangbo water channel north of the Grand Canyon, and met the Tibetan plateau after the air flow, every morning in the Brahmaputra valley to form a thick cloud over, until gradually dispersed after 10. Editor / Picture Geng Fei Lin Edit / Wang Tong layout design / Lee Sheng Photo / Xie Gang
by the Indian Ocean to the warm air transported northward along the Brahmaputra Canyon, the largest ... the formation of the Tibetan Plateau
