Blessed with CNG and explore what it can do, if he chose the second way of life, it will have a colorful life, and have the opportunity to make more decisions for themselves, and geography can help you use the second approach to life. anniversary, in this special year, words reminiscent of the habit of 15 to 17 centuries of Western explorers sailing activities. During this magnificent history books, did not leave a Chinese name. The people selected will demonstrate: historical value and significance, as well as experts and scholars have great dedication. I'm just in close contact with the editorial department, the deeply felt album devoted to the editorial leadership and editors for their hard Han River in just two months, published in this more than 400 pages of the giant album, the number of silent work, and how many sought-after state, from which can be imagined. a scientific attitude, strict work style, excellent skills, as well as day and night, sleepless nights hh, etc., each people who read the album, can be from a picture, one paragraph, read the words out.
Preface: The author found
Zhang Xiang Wen / Qiang
one of modern China who began geography? retrospective up, non-Wen Zhang phase is not.
people Jie Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, especially multi-geography master. . ZHANG Xiang text is of Jiangsu Siyang people.
25 people, Zhang Wen third place, one for Yang Shoujing their previous two, traditional public opinion to sociologists; one is on behalf of Zou Jun, map experts. Zhang Xiang-wen, the was Weng Wenhao, Impact and etc., are all students of modern European and American geographers. Thus, to support a point of view: Geography of China Zhang Xiang Wen pick on the history of tradition, the hub of the new school under the figure of Kai.
fact, for Zhang Xiang Wen, should not say that, Because a hundred years ago, he is a celebrity mm Chinese Geographical Society president, House of Representatives, the Northern Women's College presidents. But history of the dust clouds to the image of some fuzzy.
Mr. Zhang Xiangwen portrait at the age of 48, we
findings from the Renmin University of China began.
dark lighting, the narrow iron ladder, crunch sound of the wood, which is the Chinese People's University Library rare books room. I find a number of books, these books in 1954 Zhang Zhishan donated to the National People's Congress of the library. He was the first president of China to learn the grandson of Zhang Xiang-wen, book donations is a follow the will of his father, Zhang Xing Lang.
constantly be found: of thanks: teaching course in one hundred and five reference for the study. Another six p.m. today just prepared vegetables to the table as appropriate gratitude .
This statement on China's north-south dividing line, it comes from , children play play, very Huan contact. a few years later, here a few easy to master. When we went with Mr. Zhang Xiangwen years have been the grandson of the oldest old people and great-grandsons Zhang Xiaosong Zhang Xin ancestors back to old house, the courtyard houses were built extrusion was only the narrow streets, old houses, although in, but already beyond recognition. house like this, the people He Yikan? Photo / Wang Tong
holding a book design elegant, drawing realistic, beautifully printed. It is said that this is the earliest geography textbooks. issued at the beginning, compared with the Zhang Wen as saying: Zhang Xiang-wen Chronicle said: words. Zhang Xiang Wen Zhu Wen said, and the matter was: geology textbook, argument, Tracing the source, the original is Zhang Xiang-wen first (see several schools, he served as president of the Northern Women's College. Served as National History Compilation of Peking University, Peking University part-time lecturer, teaching transmission. Zhang Xiang Wen of China science communication pioneer. narrative of Geographical Sciences, Zhang Wen choosing the Essentials, diction Jie Ya, paragraph statement, transforms, learn a rhyme. though not prose, but rhythm.
, both for Mongolian Studies, Zhang Wen Dubbed the design of a studious child, castle or traveling with his father, at home and abroad, children see the suspect Kai asked, his father with the answer with the question. a question and answer, he gave a geographic knowledge to readers. This forms of communication, mostly for the later use of popular science writers.
Zhang basic knowledge of geography relative to the text of the self. readme said: Bo Xie table to our home by New Year, Private Second granduncle said that: It is a pity children. If we can continue reading, I would like the wife of the women. dark, no one to rely on books to liuyin Department, squat to head chanting, chanting Noir can remember; or smell his students read, tapping it, will never forget Noir, and the book on the geography of a deep imprinted in the brain were. I do not know have a map style also, but they speculated that the fresco from the local people in, although the profile does not have, also with hides his situation. young school old school, but of great concern to the new school. New Year's Eve, read were dozens of people.
geographical knowledge is not only self-learning, is self-Japanese. He in Shanghai Nanyang hours, Kotaro Kuribayashi teachers from Japan studying Japanese, and later with the abundance of eight school Fujita. thirty-year-old, Japanese have pass. and the Japanese people joint translation of certain books, especially worth mentioning is the joint translation of the Japanese and people of Montesquieu, br> only these achievements, China still can not be chasing the dean of academic geography. Its most prominent contributors to China to learn but to create.
1909 年 8 months old in Tianjin .45 Comrade Bai Yukun Zhang Xiang Wen gather Tao Mao Li, Hanhuai Li, Zhang Boling was founded in China to learn. founding at the beginning, worked with Nantong Zhang Jian to seek it. Zhang Jian said: financial resources on behalf Jun Zou Ru? Yang Li to donate four hundred, three hundred foreign donations military governor of Jiangsu, two hundred from the donation, and friends donated three hundred yuan, to cease publication in 1938, a total of 28 years. because things change, funding was hard, sometimes monthly, sometimes quarterly, biannual and sometimes, sometimes combined issue. when stopping a total of 181 printed. Many a pioneer in its on geography published papers, such as Weng Wenhao published four, such as Zhang Xiang-wen, also published many academic articles, such as the face of modern geography infancy.
100 years now. A few days later, at the Great Hall will hold a grand commemoration. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Peking University, Beijing Normal University, Capital Normal University held Geography Conference, thousands of participants. But people will remember: Passing the torch, and the cross-handed, and rivers is great, since the source also.
> 2009, 10 of the cover on the cover of
alternative options for the cover photo
: Dr Gang (Tibet Medog County Beibeng 7782 meters above sea level the snow-capped mountains Namjagbarwa, 742 meters above sea level the river Brahmaputra) Alternative cover
on the theme of our century discovery of Chinese geography, geographers from all the hundreds of projects recommended to tease out the contents of most interest to readers, and some even we ourselves feel vividly described the strange things out is not an easy thing to do. Of course, the more difficult the choice of the cover.
in this selection before the Geographical Society of China president, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lu Road, tried to get us defined geographical discovery, both as mountains, rivers, caves, salt lakes, Danxia (topography) so intuitive geographical phenomena, there are natural divisions, agricultural zoning such systems and spatial structure of geographical discovery. but to choose cover, we hope that abstract away from the geographical concept of landscape from the start with all the usual close.
the theme of geographical discovery will naturally involve a lot of beautiful natural and cultural landscape, such as the massive Three Rivers, Mysterious Ruins, the Huaihe River boundary layer upon layer of Qinling and the vicissitudes of the Lop Nur, Danxia and beautiful snow-capped mountains, glaciers, Zhangshiyan other.
in Sichuan, Yunnan, bordering Tibet Mountains, the Jinsha River , Lancang and Nu Three Rivers, the scientists found that by the Lancang River to the Jinsha River from Nu smallest distance is only 80.5 km, from the remote map, the river, such as a tape, floating in the criss-cross the valley between the wavering and magnificent.
There are 90s of last century several visits China Association for Scientific Expedition had Brahmaputra Canyon, from satellite remote sensing map, where deep canyons, cliffs, said to a maximum depth of 5382 meters. No one in the heart of the Grand Canyon district river, but also bears a few of the Great Falls Group, the largest waterfall 35 meters high, wide and 62.57 meters, from far away you can hear the sound of rock waterfalls crash.
figure Zhangshiyan landscape, 70 is the last century, Chinese geographers study in the Taihang Mountains in the long wall of sandstone found in the red cliff landscape. This landscape has a long continuous wall of Danya, step-like cliffs, vertical valley, the river is usually imposed in cliffs sharp drops in the form of waterfalls, such as the southern tip of this was taken in the Taihang Mountains in Henan Huixian customs territory of the pictures, flash floods like the dragon out of its hole, waterfalls, it is truly spectacular.
but these pictures are not fully reflect our current geographical discovery , the background is the Meili Snow Mountain, close range but is a measure of the investigation team to Mount Everest Mount Everest the situation. We hope that the links across time and space, the performance of over half a century the people of the land of China's continuing to explore the process of discovery . so we feel, can very well use it as a cover to express geographical workers discovered hundreds of years.
discovery of Chinese Geographic list
1. 1908, Zhang Xiang-wen the first time ;
Zhang Xiang Wen devoted his life to geographic education, and went to Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi, Henan and Inner Mongolia were investigated .1908 geography, Zhang Xiang-wen in the the north, the Great Wall Yinshan. South and North China's natural geographical boundaries, rules for understanding and guidance of our natural geography of agricultural production are of great significance.
2. 1972, the Impact and the first time revealed the nearly five thousand years of Chinese
Impact and Climate Change published in 1972, times revealed. The basic conclusion is that from the Yin Ruins in Anyang Yangshao to two thousand years, the annual average temperature of the Yellow River Basin generally higher than now 2 ℃; after a series of well-being changes, ranging from roughly 1m2 ℃, each wave cycle, which lasted about 400m800 years. climatic fluctuations in world history, but each of the coldest period, seems to have first emerged from the East Asian Pacific Rim, Europe and Africa and then spread to the Atlantic coast.
3. 20 Century 50's to 90's, Liu Dongsheng and put forward loess Investigation and experimental analysis, completion of the .20 multi-cycle theory of the 80's, Liu Dongsheng reconstruction based on 250 years of Chinese loess climate change since the history of the Chinese loess record of paleoclimatic change as the most important archives, and deep-sea sediment, polar ice cores parallel to the global environment Change the three pillars.
4. Natural Division of China and the on topography, climate, hydrology, diving, soil, vegetation, animals and insects eight elements of division, together with the integrated natural division, sub-9 .1959 writing published in 1959 in Huang Bingwei editor of the , for the most detailed and systematic monograph of the National Natural Division. it was first revealed in detail the system and the geographical area of the law of China for regional economic development, macroeconomic research provides the basis for regional natural structure by Impact and .1972, Huang Bingwei community organizations such as National Geographic 200, writing Hedin Ruins
1900 found that 3 at the end, the Swedish explorer Sven. Hedin led his unit to the left along the dry river bed to Rob Peacock wilderness, his assistant in the camp picked up a few pieces of wood fragments, so gentle. Hedin excited .1901 on March 3 began digging and found the pagoda and 3 Block 1 with a Greek temple and the wooden building elements of art and culture, five baht money, instruments and wooden slips and many other artifacts. then they are also southeast of the ruins discovered many beacon towers, has been extended to the Lop Nur in the West Bank an ancient city buried by sand, which is Loulan City Site. Loulan site that has an extremely important historical and cultural value, but also for the study of history during the evolution of the local natural environment provides the best example.
6. the Chinese first discovered on Mount Everest, named in 1975 for the first time accurately measure the
early in Qing Dynasty (1719 years), ; to mark Mother Lang Mae Lin Zhu (ie Mount Everest), 1858 was altered into Mount Everest by the British (Mount Everest) .1951 in Qin-yu should be restored first proposed the name of Mount Everest, in 1952 the Chinese government officially .1958 restore the name of Mount Everest, Lin Chao published Measuring team wins housing, distribution and possession of Chu Lan bleeding children of Pakistan, this. meters, has been used around the world; 2005 3S National Mapping Agency and the application of modern geophysical techniques, the measured height of Mount Everest as 8,844.43 m date. The results obtained recognition of UNESCO and the world (1975 to stop using the data ).
7. 1935, the Hu Huanyong proposed Heihe (Aihui) m Tengchong line that Banbi sparsely populated, accounting for 64% of land area, its population accounts for only 4% of the country, after this line is called Exact calculations show that, according to Hu Huanyong line is calculated as the country's total land area of Southeast Banbi 43.8%, 94.1% of the total population, average population density is 285 persons per square kilometer; Northwest Banbi the country's total land area of 56.2%, 5.9% of the total population The average population density is 14 people per square kilometer. Banbi Northwest Southeast Banbi and the ratio of the total population is still 94 ︰ 6.
8. 20 Century 50's to 90's, to Liu Dongsheng, Shi, Sun Honglie and other leaders of the Tibetan Plateau made a series of comprehensive scientific survey key findings to the tropical Himalayan
① found: something over 2,000 kilometers, more than the number of times the new, high temperature, type of hydrothermal activity shows rich tropical constitute an indispensable global to a ring, disciplines to fill the gaps in geothermal. ② Tibetan Plateau uplift process and the proposed formation and evolution of the plateau monsoon: the 360 million years to uplift the stage named of the and the relationship between the horizontal zone; clarify the alpine desert, alpine steppe vegetation zones such as the type and make of the high plateau of Tibet, the theory of vegetation. ④ Tsangpo Jiang Zhengyuan recognized and the Plateau cold dry core: OK Pierre Tsangpo Jiang Zhengyuan Central were more than Sven . Hedin than the possession of the library identified a long cloth, water is also large; confirmed in the Kunlun Shannan Wing - North Qiangtang Plateau is cold and dry plateau of the core area, and through the middle of the northern margin of Altun Gobi area and gaxun connected to form Asia arid highland core. ⑤ determine the causes lakes and chemical characteristics of lakes in the geographical areas of change: the majority of lakes on the plateau proved crustal uplift process is broken or crushed and the formation of lake water depth, power, temperature, etc., found that many medium and large lakes have thermal characteristics of reserves; the chemical characteristics of plateau lakes with significant changes of the geographical area of the other. ⑥ research on the Tibetan Plateau ice core reveals climate history change.
9.20 the 50's, Zhen Zhu Da, found that Chinese desert formation and movement law
1952, the Ministry of Railway Survey and Design Institute and the Institute of Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences to carry out the southern margin of the Tengger desert sand dune landscape, and mobile Location observational studies Shapotou Zhongwei in Ningxia in 1954 established China's first observatory .1959 sand Sand set up teams of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the major desert in China and abroad. Zhu Da, earthquake Quaternary palaeogeography from the desert regions, underlying sediment composition, differentiation characteristics of start, that The basic process of the formation and movement rules.
10. Yangtze River, Yellow River, the source of the discovery and measurement of the Lancang
1976 and 1978, on the Yangtze River Yangtze River Water Resources Commission conducted two site visits to confirm the Yangtze River has three sources, Source Chumaerhe North, South source when the music, and originated in the main peak of Geladandong Tanggula Mountain glaciers such as ginger root Di Tuotuohe positive source, the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Geography and calculating the length of 6300 km .1952 Yellow River Conservancy Commission Yellow Heyuan were investigated to determine the column about old cases is the source of the Yellow River drainage, length of 5446 km .1978 Yellow River, the Qinghai Bureau of Surveying and Mapping staff re-organization of the Yellow River source inspection, make cards on the Yellow River is the source of music . About a dozen sources of Lancang saying in June 1999 study by the Institute of Remote Sensing measurement results is that its source in Qinghai Province, Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Toyama Kyrgyzstan heteropoly County, elevation 5200 meters. counting from here, Lancang ( Mekong River) is the length of 4909 km.
three rivers, the Jinsha River in the amount of water the most. This is the territory of Lijiang, Austin giant canyon, the Jinsha River flows from the distance as the Haba Snow Mountain. in connection with the Nu River, Lancang River flow side by side 170 kilometers, in the town of Lijiang Shek Kwu, the Jinsha River northward turning a corner away. Editor / Yasumizu Photo Editor / Wang Tong layout design / photo medium Bin / Xie Gang
This is the Lancang River slide tube Deqin County section of the river. Lancang River Valley into the Meili, the river narrowed, fast-flowing, no longer crossing, the history of the river thanks to the line Liusuo contempt, so the bank has a village named after the the throat, the plateau monsoon phenomenon
20 50 mid-century, high heat from the Jubilee, etc. According to the role of the Tibetan Plateau that plateau for the summer heat, the surface layer is the thermal pressure, the plateau for the cold source in winter, the formation of high pressure, and the pressure field corresponding to an altitude of 1000 meters in altitude, prevailing wind direction opposite to form a winter and summer monsoon layer, this finding Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its surrounding area of research is important climate.
12. 20 century, Chinese and foreign scholars discovered and named the landform
20 century, went to study Chinese and foreign scholars Lop Nur region, in Rob Heath large area of uplift found in the mound topography, locally known as over, landscape.
13. Zhou Lisan, Deng Jing, the Zhong Gongfu and so proposed that the agricultural zoning program, Wu Chuanjun other compilation Reference to the Western and Soviet agricultural location theory, agricultural type, and agricultural zoning, based on the actual situation in China, in the 20th century, the mid-60s proposed Agricultural regionalization. the program in accordance with the regional agricultural production conditions, characteristics, potential and direction and means, according to local similarity and differences among regions of the principle of division of descending level by level, the formation of different characteristics, different levels of the national comprehensive agricultural zoning system. with this approach, presided over the 20th century, has prepared 70 Wu Chuanjun a scientific basis.
here is a gradual transition to the plateau in western Sichuan Plain, the typical mixed farming land of the south side of 318 national road, enough to grow peas, wheat and rape of water. Editor / Photo Editor Liu Jing / Sun Yibo layout design / photo medium Bin / Xie Gang
14. 1928 years, Feng Jinglan discovered and named the Danxia layer, followed by Chinese scholars define landform
1928 years, Feng Jinglan other counties in the northern part of Guangdong found the formation of Renhua Danxia layer of red conglomerate, named in) such investigation and study, named the characteristics of continental sedimentary rocks from the red sand and gravel composition, is the world's endemic group found that low selenium belt, which reveals the geographical distribution of Keshan disease law
1935 年 Keshan disease first found in Keshan County, Heilongjiang Province, named Keshan disease. Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Geography, endemic group from the 20th century carried out since the late 60s Keshan endemic area of environmental studies conducted within and outside the endemic area and non-endemic area determination of selenium in the environment, water and food found in the ward selenium significantly lower blood selenium ward populations and hair Selenium is also low, indicating that selenium deficiency and Keshan disease is closely related. The survey found that in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan, there is a desolate area with low selenium, the seriously ill area at an altitude of more than 200m2000 meters, generally located in the second-level step of the terrain along the Mountains, Changbai Mountains, the Taihang Mountains, to the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau Liupanshan mountain. This discovery of the prevention of Keshan disease and the treatment of scientific basis.
16. 1934 年 Wenjiang the first time such as hypsometric contour drawing of large natural atlas composed of three series of town plans, sequence diagram 7, with Royal Jacobs equal area projection. ordinary map 44, by latitude and longitude lines framing, multi-cone projection. The first scientific atlas reflects China's topography is three level overview of steps to open up a new era of cartography .20 century, 60 years, the Impact and, Huang Bingwei leadership, Shu-Peng Chen presided over compilation of the map shows more than one million words, is the first comprehensive atlas of large-scale natural.
17. silver fir, fir, ibis and other animals and plants found in the relict
silver fir is a species endemic to China, 20th century, 50 years, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Zhong Ji Xin, the first in Guangxi Lingui discovered in 1957 by Miss Chan-yong, Marina may appoint name; Metasequoia is the world's rare relict plant, the 20th century, 40 in the early to the priesthood first in Hubei, Sichuan border Lichuan plan River Road (the Brothers River) found a surviving giant trees of Metasequoia, Wang warfare model samples collected, to 1946, research by the identification of Adherence and Zheng Wanjun it is to survive on Earth billions of years ago had the Metasequoia; crested ibis is rare rare birds, in May 1981, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, bird, in the gold home in Middle River, Yao Formation found two nests of Crested Ibis, a total of two pairs of adults, 3 chicks, crested ibis The re-discovery caused great shock at home and abroad.
18. 20 Century 80, land Avenue, proposed Land Boulevard in the 20th century in reference location 80 on a reciprocal basis, that ; the same time, point an axis as the basic framework of the 1994 Yang Yi domain so sure Brahmaputra Canyon Grand Canyon, the world's first Science Adventure
Association has in 1991 and 1993, the Grand Canyon of Yarlung expedition .1994 Yang Yi domain, Gao, Li Bogang hygiene arguments confirmed Tsangpo Grand Canyon is the world's largest canyon. Canyon length 496.3 km, the depth of 5382 m .1998 late October to early December, the association has organized expedition through the Grand Canyon on foot, and measurement of the Grand Canyon, further defined the status of the world's largest canyon.
10 month in the Tibetan mountain town Medog County Beibeng plateau captured scenery. distant snow-capped mountains is 7782 m above sea level with the Nanjia Ba Wanan slope, bottom of the screen is only 742 meters above sea level in the Brahmaputra GANG, where you can truly feel the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as the zangbo water channel north of the Grand Canyon, and met the Tibetan plateau after the air flow, every morning in the Brahmaputra valley to form a thick cloud over, until gradually dispersed after 10. Editor / Picture Geng Fei Lin Edit / Wang Tong layout design / Lee Sheng Photo / Xie Gang
by the Indian Ocean to the warm air transported northward along the Brahmaputra Canyon, the largest ... the formation of the Tibetan Plateau
Thursday, March 3, 2011
Wednesday, March 2, 2011
Talking about my reading experience - reading interest
Fu Pei-jung
interest in reading to do anything, we need motivation, reading is no exception. I read in Guanyin Township, Taoyuan County, elementary school, is a country full of children, in addition to other textbooks, there is no concept of extra-curricular books . But since learned a little Mandarin, but also know how to look up the dictionary, and every winter and summer vacations in addition to the sea, stream, woods, playing outside, or will the East turn west to find, to see what books you can read at home.
In this way, I read always goes on. was too busy looking at the story, and did not seriously look up the dictionary, which was later accidentally read the white text. until he came to teach such problems only after a serious matter that can only spare no remedy.
After graduating from elementary school, I went to New Zhuangnian Heng Yi Secondary School, six boarding school to develop my independent personality. about school exams, I have been a teacher in the eyes of the model student, there is involved some personal adversity. I am from the primary third grade, because the imitation of a neighbor naughty children stutter, the results of their patients has become extremely serious stutter. I become the object of ridicule us. My deep inferiority complex, almost to the degree of autism. However, a blessing in disguise , I work from school, exams are always among the best. If not, I doubt if I could grow up normal.
Since speech-impaired, school became my rescue. I'm in junior high school three years, a large number of reduced the reading section of the Western novel, to realize that the world's great wonders have. My favorite course has been the Chinese and English, language skill, the thought has become flexible and open. One thing I keep in mind, not, or forgot, That is high for a time, language teachers have sent me a Lin wrote, January 3, 2065. were only fifteen-year-old high school student, this student actually caused considerable influence.
I receive the book, and my heart is inevitable vanity, you want to read when in the winter. However, the degree of difference is too far away, I see less than ten pages to give up. but the heart from an idea that . I remember the class in reading and lively start up, like Ji Bolun's North and two women (later Zhongshannvgao) full-time, Mr. Xiao Chi. He plans to three years, six Chinese high school textbooks in the two-circle drawing texts, all translated into fluent in the vernacular, he looked for the students of five North Second woman , plus my boys together. I remember the title is this book, I am willing to present as a gift clumsy ten. After this training the classical into the vernacular, my greatly improve reading ability.
the university entrance exam, my first choice was admitted to Department of Philosophy, Fu Jen Catholic University, and then began to strengthen their ability to read English. My approach is really stupid but, is the use of English junior summer to a study abroad. until now translated by a total of more than two million words of the. there is no such kind of stupid work, I finished four years at Yale University is not a degree. I was the eve of graduation, came to ask why such a knowledgeable teacher Yu Ying-shih, who The answer is: turned. style. Now we all know the importance of education, then cultivate interest in reading from the start it!
interest in reading to do anything, we need motivation, reading is no exception. I read in Guanyin Township, Taoyuan County, elementary school, is a country full of children, in addition to other textbooks, there is no concept of extra-curricular books . But since learned a little Mandarin, but also know how to look up the dictionary, and every winter and summer vacations in addition to the sea, stream, woods, playing outside, or will the East turn west to find, to see what books you can read at home.
In this way, I read always goes on. was too busy looking at the story, and did not seriously look up the dictionary, which was later accidentally read the white text. until he came to teach such problems only after a serious matter that can only spare no remedy.
After graduating from elementary school, I went to New Zhuangnian Heng Yi Secondary School, six boarding school to develop my independent personality. about school exams, I have been a teacher in the eyes of the model student, there is involved some personal adversity. I am from the primary third grade, because the imitation of a neighbor naughty children stutter, the results of their patients has become extremely serious stutter. I become the object of ridicule us. My deep inferiority complex, almost to the degree of autism. However, a blessing in disguise , I work from school, exams are always among the best. If not, I doubt if I could grow up normal.
Since speech-impaired, school became my rescue. I'm in junior high school three years, a large number of reduced the reading section of the Western novel, to realize that the world's great wonders have. My favorite course has been the Chinese and English, language skill, the thought has become flexible and open. One thing I keep in mind, not, or forgot, That is high for a time, language teachers have sent me a Lin wrote, January 3, 2065. were only fifteen-year-old high school student, this student actually caused considerable influence.
I receive the book, and my heart is inevitable vanity, you want to read when in the winter. However, the degree of difference is too far away, I see less than ten pages to give up. but the heart from an idea that . I remember the class in reading and lively start up, like Ji Bolun's North and two women (later Zhongshannvgao) full-time, Mr. Xiao Chi. He plans to three years, six Chinese high school textbooks in the two-circle drawing texts, all translated into fluent in the vernacular, he looked for the students of five North Second woman , plus my boys together. I remember the title is this book, I am willing to present as a gift clumsy ten. After this training the classical into the vernacular, my greatly improve reading ability.
the university entrance exam, my first choice was admitted to Department of Philosophy, Fu Jen Catholic University, and then began to strengthen their ability to read English. My approach is really stupid but, is the use of English junior summer to a study abroad. until now translated by a total of more than two million words of the. there is no such kind of stupid work, I finished four years at Yale University is not a degree. I was the eve of graduation, came to ask why such a knowledgeable teacher Yu Ying-shih, who The answer is: turned. style. Now we all know the importance of education, then cultivate interest in reading from the start it!
Tuesday, March 1, 2011
Investment is a venture to help companies succeed
Although I am a Eupolyphaga origin, but over the past few years, hundreds of which I now venture investors, many multinational companies are dealt with. I know how to help them build consensus. I am also very good at a startup company from five to stage five hundred people, the middle will encounter many problems, but I know how these issues resolved. this time is a business, and this business if it can help companies succeed, how do you know will not be among them produce a QQ, and then create a grand, and then produce a Sohu, Sina and those of us who do
to angel investors in the form of consultants, will help bring a lot of entrepreneurs, I, I always think that I necessarily So thanks to my IDG vote of 25 million dollars, in small numbers, but I am very grateful at the time of my money to give me the money.
thank IDG second in the past six years, the grasp of major policy decisions in the business of daily Management gave me a lot of help in
Moderator: You mean it will make some things go beyond a single enterprise?
Zhou Hongyi: do it again the same thing 7 years ago, what progress I do?
Now I have a very rich experience in the Internet, and I plan on how it is a startup business model, how to develop its strategy, how can the implementation of the strategy it should be said that I was very strong in this area. I Although it is a Eupolyphaga origin, but over the past few years, hundreds of which I now venture investors, many multinational companies are dealt with. Chinese language local entrepreneurs with foreign venture capital is not docked, I know how to communicate, how to help them consensus-building. I am also very good at a startup company from five to five hundred of the stage, the middle will encounter many problems, but I know how these issues resolved. For those who have no experience, he encountered a problem that the threshold certainly make life difficult for people who have done business, this is a very simple question.
Moderator: opportunities for entrepreneurs is the largest on the Internet.
Zhou Hongyi: I was very confident of China's Internet, Chinese Internet of the next decade will be better than the last one decade, China is a well-deserved power the Internet, the information industry, especially the Internet to the Chinese people as a basic starting line with foreign, and I very optimistic about this point, I will not leave the industry.
there are so many bright young people, so many people localization, future multinational companies in China can not monopolize the Chinese market, not the same as the CPU and operating system monopoly of the Chinese market, the future must play a leading role China's local enterprises, local Chinese team. I've always believed the problems of large companies is innovation enough, regardless of Yahoo, Sina, Sohu, without exception, have such problems, the future of small personal website, small companies which will emerge a lot of innovation.
Moderator: In addition to not repeat ourselves but there is no other reason you do to promote investment?
Zhou Hongyi: I have a company if they do it again, I might just do again soon 3721 re big, then what is the point? turn, I play a role in helping many local business groups in China, helping Chinese companies go to a lot of local small business success, for me, I also participated in their business. In my energy, may I also helped five or six, Seven or eight or even more businesses, so that they unnecessarily so much like I do After groping, throw so many fallen.
to share my knowledge and experience to them, help them and the international of companies to compete, how and foreign venture capital investors deal with how to straighten out the business model to address the rapid growth in the company among their problems.
this time is a start, and this business if it can help companies succeed, how do you know that among them will not produce a QQ, and then create a grand, and then produce a Sohu, Sina it?
Moderator: That 3721 their investors how to do?
Zhou Hongyi: China's Internet market will be more fiery, more and more segments. IDG gave me the first money, the latter gave me a lot of help, it is also involved in my business. They also shared my success, whether it is of interest, or their reputation.
IDG Venture Investment to China that foreign companies bring good rules of the game, unlike those traditional businesses in Zhongguancun, enterprise architecture, business interests on the inherent distribution mechanism, so many enterprises do not, doing doing casual, or many companies born in wilderness, not with the times, can not accept the request of the Western capital markets can not be a good game to the introduction of Silicon Valley, so never be Silicon Valley, Zhongguancun. Zhongguancun If it is just build some buildings, get some government venture capital, can not be Silicon Valley.
Silicon Valley like we said, the only innovation, as innovation is not only successful, we all publicity Apple, you do not see it behind the venture capital, venture capital did not see it bring a range of business people. We have seen publicity when Jerry Yang of Yahoo, if there is no risk investors give them money to build a good enterprise architecture, made to attract more talented people to join, if you will be able to rely on Dr. Yang made the two dollar company with market capitalization of 50 billion? impossible.
Moderator: You mean behind the system?
Zhou Hongyi: Silicon Valley has a good framework to attract more talent and turn it into a business, and do it bigger success, listed after the founder of the team, employees, investors, everyone can share in this success, which is the risk investors to China the most valuable thing, which is the heart of Silicon Valley.
the past, many experts and professors from call to innovation, government support to industry, these are not important, never heard what the United States preferential policies for software companies, What is free enterprise on the Internet, which is not important, China's enterprises can be a good game to introduce the West to make between employees with the company is not a simple relationship between employment and are employed, we can share the success. makes My company can introduce a lot of investors, together we can expand, by force, the creative from 1 to 100.
I never believe that a creative idea can be a cause of a great success, many enterprises in Zhongguancun original or is no investment, because there is no good mechanism, we can not vote, voted do not know what will happen the money. or is Ge Jige do business made money, and divide it dirty uniform, a business into five, no One can do great. Chinese people a lot of landed gentry, that investment is sold themselves, the entrepreneur eventually ran.
Moderator: Your investors have this problem with IDG?
Zhou Hongyi: I know him from IDG they do the operation. dealing with venture capitalists so many years, I want my experience and energy to enlarge the Internet industry in China to more, I might venture to expand the connotation of the word, I will help a lot of entrepreneurial start-ups success, so my sense of accomplishment even greater. like, like IDG, IDG is proud not to say that in China, earned a lot of money, but that he helped many business success in China. In some companies need help, they help, not IDG , the introduction of this concept is not the West, China's Internet development can not be so fast.
the development of Silicon Valley, why so good? Silicon Valley, there is something you do not see many people in the entrepreneurial success of Silicon Valley after the listed company or or sell later, some people may well do a business, but more people chose to do venture capital, or to venture capital, they will give a number of new enterprises as a consultant, when the independent directors, as independent investors, to help faster growth of these enterprises, it becomes a virtuous cycle of Silicon Valley.
Host: China is far away from you?
Zhou Hongyi: When the Chinese Internet, I told Charles Zhang, Ding Leiji touch the stones are too River, why do we burn? is no one pointing. China's Internet in order to form a virtuous cycle, can not say that the next decade, and today I see many young people, they are fearless courage, their sense of lack of commercial maturity They may be a IDEA, if no one pointing them dash badly beaten, many people may not be successful, many people will make detours, some people may therefore fail. If these people can put our experience, our experience back to the industry, not back to a business, I can help an investor to do more business success, which is under China's Internet development quite the sense of a decade, so the first person I want to do this . I did the first person in the future Tang Yue, Zhang retired, they may also do this role.
Moderator: invest in the capacity of your current age is not too early to
Zhou Hongyi : They are easily the directors do you think? will be very tired. Many of them are poor and two hundred companies, in addition to faith, creativity, passion. You're like the same nanny, you have to tell them a lot of things, it is actually quite hard. I see it as a challenge to the process of learning, no matter how I feel about myself and I was in a particular field such as very deep understanding in the search area, such as entertainment, online music, wireless, these things I do not see hot know more than you. I talk with you to understand through the day, received the new IDEA, for me, very interesting. I have to read some startups, like I saw seven or eight years before me, I know what mistakes they made, and I know they are not I so lucky, I know they did not like the flies, a lot of teams do not have the ability to turn their good ideas to achieve them.
chair : Do you go to school to teach it? Since there are so many ideas.
Zhou Hongyi: Teaching is pointless. I never believed in the Business School, tells about the kind of thing, the best is the words and deeds, go with them do. In addition, the process of doing business continue to experience problems, in the process for help and learn. was the king of IDG power is so right for me, I encounter any problems, he gave me a clear direction instructions, specific how to operate, he just do my own, I will not pre-empt what companies do to CEO, these entrepreneurs will develop through their own experience in the operation, they will grow up.
entrepreneurial passion and enthusiasm is right, But you do not realize that a harsh reality? 99% of business is doomed to fail, do not think he was a Superman, Man proposes, God disposes.
2000, when Internet companies have hundreds of companies to get venture capital, from the tens of millions of dollars to several million RMB have, until now survived 99 years is 1-2% success rate. business is brutal, must have a full understanding of difficulties encountered hardships and setbacks , shoal, reef, traps, cliff, there must be a full appraisal, how estimates are not conservative. calm face of possible failure, defeated, perseverance to succeed.
Moderator: It seems that you subjected to a lot of torture?
Zhou Hongyi: Using the successful experience of someone who has the times to improve their ability to make you avoid many problems. we, people with angel investors in the form of consultants, will give a lot of entrepreneurs to bring help, I am very confident that should be very large. as I always think that I may not vote for me so thank IDG for 25 million dollars, in small numbers, but I am very grateful when I can give the most money I'm money. The second thank IDG in the past six years, the grasp of major policy decisions in the enterprise, daily management of a lot of help and pointing to me.
I think the fact that the value of more than a lot of money. startups may have missed to completely wrong, who's a key pointing more than a few million. your whole management wrong, even give you a million, in addition to the money then you die faster, what will help? Today I come into contact with a number of start-up companies, I feel that they are confident are right, but from the self-confidence is not right to own, too many start-ups a bunch of Mao Haizi, never played even work, not to mention hundreds of people management experience. IDEA that there is a bit of money can be successful, others will not give you investment, this money will be wasted.
Moderator: recognize this is a process for you, right?
Zhou Hongyi: I took part in the entrepreneurial process, I will lose everything possible opportunity, whether I am to my competitors or partners, regardless of any success or failure, I will learn from them.
I or investors in Silicon Valley or the right people in the industry will be hit Ask them how they, I have a thick skin, run into unfamiliar also said that you do it our consultants, our directors do it. I am a good Internet connections inside, because I will cheek to ask people to directly go to Sohu Zhang to ask him to find, to Wang Zhidong, to Ding for advice. discussions with venture capital, even if he gave me out, I talk with him.
to angel investors in the form of consultants, will help bring a lot of entrepreneurs, I, I always think that I necessarily So thanks to my IDG vote of 25 million dollars, in small numbers, but I am very grateful at the time of my money to give me the money.
thank IDG second in the past six years, the grasp of major policy decisions in the business of daily Management gave me a lot of help in
Moderator: You mean it will make some things go beyond a single enterprise?
Zhou Hongyi: do it again the same thing 7 years ago, what progress I do?
Now I have a very rich experience in the Internet, and I plan on how it is a startup business model, how to develop its strategy, how can the implementation of the strategy it should be said that I was very strong in this area. I Although it is a Eupolyphaga origin, but over the past few years, hundreds of which I now venture investors, many multinational companies are dealt with. Chinese language local entrepreneurs with foreign venture capital is not docked, I know how to communicate, how to help them consensus-building. I am also very good at a startup company from five to five hundred of the stage, the middle will encounter many problems, but I know how these issues resolved. For those who have no experience, he encountered a problem that the threshold certainly make life difficult for people who have done business, this is a very simple question.
Moderator: opportunities for entrepreneurs is the largest on the Internet.
Zhou Hongyi: I was very confident of China's Internet, Chinese Internet of the next decade will be better than the last one decade, China is a well-deserved power the Internet, the information industry, especially the Internet to the Chinese people as a basic starting line with foreign, and I very optimistic about this point, I will not leave the industry.
there are so many bright young people, so many people localization, future multinational companies in China can not monopolize the Chinese market, not the same as the CPU and operating system monopoly of the Chinese market, the future must play a leading role China's local enterprises, local Chinese team. I've always believed the problems of large companies is innovation enough, regardless of Yahoo, Sina, Sohu, without exception, have such problems, the future of small personal website, small companies which will emerge a lot of innovation.
Moderator: In addition to not repeat ourselves but there is no other reason you do to promote investment?
Zhou Hongyi: I have a company if they do it again, I might just do again soon 3721 re big, then what is the point? turn, I play a role in helping many local business groups in China, helping Chinese companies go to a lot of local small business success, for me, I also participated in their business. In my energy, may I also helped five or six, Seven or eight or even more businesses, so that they unnecessarily so much like I do After groping, throw so many fallen.
to share my knowledge and experience to them, help them and the international of companies to compete, how and foreign venture capital investors deal with how to straighten out the business model to address the rapid growth in the company among their problems.
this time is a start, and this business if it can help companies succeed, how do you know that among them will not produce a QQ, and then create a grand, and then produce a Sohu, Sina it?
Moderator: That 3721 their investors how to do?
Zhou Hongyi: China's Internet market will be more fiery, more and more segments. IDG gave me the first money, the latter gave me a lot of help, it is also involved in my business. They also shared my success, whether it is of interest, or their reputation.
IDG Venture Investment to China that foreign companies bring good rules of the game, unlike those traditional businesses in Zhongguancun, enterprise architecture, business interests on the inherent distribution mechanism, so many enterprises do not, doing doing casual, or many companies born in wilderness, not with the times, can not accept the request of the Western capital markets can not be a good game to the introduction of Silicon Valley, so never be Silicon Valley, Zhongguancun. Zhongguancun If it is just build some buildings, get some government venture capital, can not be Silicon Valley.
Silicon Valley like we said, the only innovation, as innovation is not only successful, we all publicity Apple, you do not see it behind the venture capital, venture capital did not see it bring a range of business people. We have seen publicity when Jerry Yang of Yahoo, if there is no risk investors give them money to build a good enterprise architecture, made to attract more talented people to join, if you will be able to rely on Dr. Yang made the two dollar company with market capitalization of 50 billion? impossible.
Moderator: You mean behind the system?
Zhou Hongyi: Silicon Valley has a good framework to attract more talent and turn it into a business, and do it bigger success, listed after the founder of the team, employees, investors, everyone can share in this success, which is the risk investors to China the most valuable thing, which is the heart of Silicon Valley.
the past, many experts and professors from call to innovation, government support to industry, these are not important, never heard what the United States preferential policies for software companies, What is free enterprise on the Internet, which is not important, China's enterprises can be a good game to introduce the West to make between employees with the company is not a simple relationship between employment and are employed, we can share the success. makes My company can introduce a lot of investors, together we can expand, by force, the creative from 1 to 100.
I never believe that a creative idea can be a cause of a great success, many enterprises in Zhongguancun original or is no investment, because there is no good mechanism, we can not vote, voted do not know what will happen the money. or is Ge Jige do business made money, and divide it dirty uniform, a business into five, no One can do great. Chinese people a lot of landed gentry, that investment is sold themselves, the entrepreneur eventually ran.
Moderator: Your investors have this problem with IDG?
Zhou Hongyi: I know him from IDG they do the operation. dealing with venture capitalists so many years, I want my experience and energy to enlarge the Internet industry in China to more, I might venture to expand the connotation of the word, I will help a lot of entrepreneurial start-ups success, so my sense of accomplishment even greater. like, like IDG, IDG is proud not to say that in China, earned a lot of money, but that he helped many business success in China. In some companies need help, they help, not IDG , the introduction of this concept is not the West, China's Internet development can not be so fast.
the development of Silicon Valley, why so good? Silicon Valley, there is something you do not see many people in the entrepreneurial success of Silicon Valley after the listed company or or sell later, some people may well do a business, but more people chose to do venture capital, or to venture capital, they will give a number of new enterprises as a consultant, when the independent directors, as independent investors, to help faster growth of these enterprises, it becomes a virtuous cycle of Silicon Valley.
Host: China is far away from you?
Zhou Hongyi: When the Chinese Internet, I told Charles Zhang, Ding Leiji touch the stones are too River, why do we burn? is no one pointing. China's Internet in order to form a virtuous cycle, can not say that the next decade, and today I see many young people, they are fearless courage, their sense of lack of commercial maturity They may be a IDEA, if no one pointing them dash badly beaten, many people may not be successful, many people will make detours, some people may therefore fail. If these people can put our experience, our experience back to the industry, not back to a business, I can help an investor to do more business success, which is under China's Internet development quite the sense of a decade, so the first person I want to do this . I did the first person in the future Tang Yue, Zhang retired, they may also do this role.
Moderator: invest in the capacity of your current age is not too early to
Zhou Hongyi : They are easily the directors do you think? will be very tired. Many of them are poor and two hundred companies, in addition to faith, creativity, passion. You're like the same nanny, you have to tell them a lot of things, it is actually quite hard. I see it as a challenge to the process of learning, no matter how I feel about myself and I was in a particular field such as very deep understanding in the search area, such as entertainment, online music, wireless, these things I do not see hot know more than you. I talk with you to understand through the day, received the new IDEA, for me, very interesting. I have to read some startups, like I saw seven or eight years before me, I know what mistakes they made, and I know they are not I so lucky, I know they did not like the flies, a lot of teams do not have the ability to turn their good ideas to achieve them.
chair : Do you go to school to teach it? Since there are so many ideas.
Zhou Hongyi: Teaching is pointless. I never believed in the Business School, tells about the kind of thing, the best is the words and deeds, go with them do. In addition, the process of doing business continue to experience problems, in the process for help and learn. was the king of IDG power is so right for me, I encounter any problems, he gave me a clear direction instructions, specific how to operate, he just do my own, I will not pre-empt what companies do to CEO, these entrepreneurs will develop through their own experience in the operation, they will grow up.
entrepreneurial passion and enthusiasm is right, But you do not realize that a harsh reality? 99% of business is doomed to fail, do not think he was a Superman, Man proposes, God disposes.
2000, when Internet companies have hundreds of companies to get venture capital, from the tens of millions of dollars to several million RMB have, until now survived 99 years is 1-2% success rate. business is brutal, must have a full understanding of difficulties encountered hardships and setbacks , shoal, reef, traps, cliff, there must be a full appraisal, how estimates are not conservative. calm face of possible failure, defeated, perseverance to succeed.
Moderator: It seems that you subjected to a lot of torture?
Zhou Hongyi: Using the successful experience of someone who has the times to improve their ability to make you avoid many problems. we, people with angel investors in the form of consultants, will give a lot of entrepreneurs to bring help, I am very confident that should be very large. as I always think that I may not vote for me so thank IDG for 25 million dollars, in small numbers, but I am very grateful when I can give the most money I'm money. The second thank IDG in the past six years, the grasp of major policy decisions in the enterprise, daily management of a lot of help and pointing to me.
I think the fact that the value of more than a lot of money. startups may have missed to completely wrong, who's a key pointing more than a few million. your whole management wrong, even give you a million, in addition to the money then you die faster, what will help? Today I come into contact with a number of start-up companies, I feel that they are confident are right, but from the self-confidence is not right to own, too many start-ups a bunch of Mao Haizi, never played even work, not to mention hundreds of people management experience. IDEA that there is a bit of money can be successful, others will not give you investment, this money will be wasted.
Moderator: recognize this is a process for you, right?
Zhou Hongyi: I took part in the entrepreneurial process, I will lose everything possible opportunity, whether I am to my competitors or partners, regardless of any success or failure, I will learn from them.
I or investors in Silicon Valley or the right people in the industry will be hit Ask them how they, I have a thick skin, run into unfamiliar also said that you do it our consultants, our directors do it. I am a good Internet connections inside, because I will cheek to ask people to directly go to Sohu Zhang to ask him to find, to Wang Zhidong, to Ding for advice. discussions with venture capital, even if he gave me out, I talk with him.
Monday, February 28, 2011
Custody of Isabella to give up 3.0 billion asking price
Broker: This is a private matterIsabella, the eldest son of Li Ka-shing and Richard Li, Isabella Leong was photographed late at night and chat with the young man Richard Li, the construction of Shek O Road, Hong Kong 2 million super-huts, rumored mother Isabella Leong has lived here
Hong Kong actress Isabella Leong as the issue of breaking up last night statement, she and Yesterday, Mr Li and Isabella, the parties still did not break up because of foreign shows, and Richard Li's father, Hong Kong billionaire Li Ka-shing asked by the media when the son's love, without making any response.
Isabella Leong and Michelle Yeoh, Richard Li, the matchmaker does not know is that they break up. Isabella came for the outside world to give up custody of his three sons asked 30 million breakup fee, and finally Richard Li agreed to 10 billion Hong Kong dollars only rumors, the current agent Isabella Leong Mi Lu said that this is a private matter the snow does not make any response.
Li Ka-shing refused to respond
Isabella giving Richard Li suddenly broke up, shake the Chinese entertainment circle, Hong Kong media to inquire about further information, father of Richard Li, Li Ka-shing has been waiting at the mansion door. Li Ka-shing yesterday morning to drive the exit from the big house, met a large number of reporters, he politely opened the window an interview. When asked Richard Li Chuan Leong giving break up, he said: then drove to the club after playing golf, done by the driver back to mansion after exercise.
Matchmaker Michelle Yeoh is watching fashion show yesterday in Milan, Isabella of breaking up with Richard Li, she admitted no knowledge of the issue, and she said no. When the Hong Kong media to show her the break statement Isabella, she does not know the Chinese Youyi refused to respond.
It is understood, Isabella Leong and a pair of twins now living in Toronto, a half years old son Lee Changzhi lived in Singapore.
speculation that broke up because
broke up because the two parties did not specify the reasons, the Hong Kong media have speculated break up before the fuse is a Hong Kong magazine photographed Isabella will Takeo Bar Night in Canada, which Richard Li is very uncomfortable to lead to break up. Yesterday, an interview with Isabella Leong photographed giving Takeo dating photo journalists. The reporter said the slugger should be Isabella's first love boyfriend Simon, close to midnight when two men entered the bar, drinking and talk, take full 3 hours, until 3 am or so before leaving, even asked the slugger during Isabella Leong The Isabella's agent, expressed Lu Mi snow, breaking up a gathering of friends will not be on the lead, which is unfair on Isabella, Lee also recognized that boys, is the primary school classmate Isabella.
addition to date with the macho, jealous lead to break up rumors other than Richard Li, Richard Li, Isabella Leong professionalism is ignored too much speculation of breaking up one of the reasons. Yesterday, Richard Li, the Hong Kong media and across the sex scandal with a model for Ge Chen Bi, Bi in Shanghai, Chen Ge said: I am not very convenient to comment, but I think breaking up the incident, the most poor children, they are innocent, want to get the same love of family. man, how is the work first, I want to live with him who would be more difficult, because of his work, Mr. Lee does not always accompany the side.
Hong Kong actress Isabella Leong as the issue of breaking up last night statement, she and Yesterday, Mr Li and Isabella, the parties still did not break up because of foreign shows, and Richard Li's father, Hong Kong billionaire Li Ka-shing asked by the media when the son's love, without making any response.
Isabella Leong and Michelle Yeoh, Richard Li, the matchmaker does not know is that they break up. Isabella came for the outside world to give up custody of his three sons asked 30 million breakup fee, and finally Richard Li agreed to 10 billion Hong Kong dollars only rumors, the current agent Isabella Leong Mi Lu said that this is a private matter the snow does not make any response.
Li Ka-shing refused to respond
Isabella giving Richard Li suddenly broke up, shake the Chinese entertainment circle, Hong Kong media to inquire about further information, father of Richard Li, Li Ka-shing has been waiting at the mansion door. Li Ka-shing yesterday morning to drive the exit from the big house, met a large number of reporters, he politely opened the window an interview. When asked Richard Li Chuan Leong giving break up, he said: then drove to the club after playing golf, done by the driver back to mansion after exercise.
Matchmaker Michelle Yeoh is watching fashion show yesterday in Milan, Isabella of breaking up with Richard Li, she admitted no knowledge of the issue, and she said no. When the Hong Kong media to show her the break statement Isabella, she does not know the Chinese Youyi refused to respond.
It is understood, Isabella Leong and a pair of twins now living in Toronto, a half years old son Lee Changzhi lived in Singapore.
speculation that broke up because
broke up because the two parties did not specify the reasons, the Hong Kong media have speculated break up before the fuse is a Hong Kong magazine photographed Isabella will Takeo Bar Night in Canada, which Richard Li is very uncomfortable to lead to break up. Yesterday, an interview with Isabella Leong photographed giving Takeo dating photo journalists. The reporter said the slugger should be Isabella's first love boyfriend Simon, close to midnight when two men entered the bar, drinking and talk, take full 3 hours, until 3 am or so before leaving, even asked the slugger during Isabella Leong The Isabella's agent, expressed Lu Mi snow, breaking up a gathering of friends will not be on the lead, which is unfair on Isabella, Lee also recognized that boys, is the primary school classmate Isabella.
addition to date with the macho, jealous lead to break up rumors other than Richard Li, Richard Li, Isabella Leong professionalism is ignored too much speculation of breaking up one of the reasons. Yesterday, Richard Li, the Hong Kong media and across the sex scandal with a model for Ge Chen Bi, Bi in Shanghai, Chen Ge said: I am not very convenient to comment, but I think breaking up the incident, the most poor children, they are innocent, want to get the same love of family. man, how is the work first, I want to live with him who would be more difficult, because of his work, Mr. Lee does not always accompany the side.
Sunday, February 27, 2011
Laodeng Liu Wei for the playoffs Daxiaosuanpan bring good feel new hairstyle
6 regular season games, 288 minutes, left Deng Jiajun time is running out. 113:103, home last night, Even if the outside directors are generally not optimistic about a reversal of Hua Germany to play, but the whole team is ready for the impact of the last eight.
last night, when less than a minute left in the game, the Shanghai team has 10 points ahead of Shandong, a winner. Liu Wei, stand on the free-throw line twice, but he's no penalty in the first penalty, was on the sidelines of the Hua Germany and the captain to make the exchange. Then the second penalty, Liu Wei threw two select high-basket, and then rebound. special tactics, into the second, through the offensive rebound and get the opportunity again. We try all the tricks, unfortunately, eventually won only 10 points. probability, in fact, in the heart but has been contemplating.
grips with the Shandong team the day before, Liu Wei, specifically to the hair salon haircut, new hairstyle for Liu captain looks especially impressive.
Not long ago, Liu has just crossed the effectiveness of the Shanghai Men's milestone of 400 games, becoming the first CBA history, played over 400 games in 11 players, but also the first eight over the same team effectiveness 400 field players. Last night, scored a team-high 28 points plus 9 assists, Liu not only help the team win the key events, but also to their own personal assists to 1707 times, making three assists in CBA history to break 1,700 times players, the other two are the team's Peace and Harmony in Jiangsu (1796 times), Fujian team MASS MEDIA VOCATIONAL TECHNICAL (1707 times).
Liu Wei new hairstyle bring good feeling
small abacus Hua Germany banging
Although the general performance in the first half, Liu Wei, control of the game in the third quarter but the trend, single scored 13 points, and Harris together giving rise to an attack wave. This section of the Shanghai team received a total of 33 points, including 29 Liu Ha got two points for the final victory laid the foundation. recorded in the laurels of the first page. Men's cut the current situation in Shanghai is not optimistic, and in Liu Wei seems, no matter how difficult that he always remember the words,
from Tiger to the Year of the Rabbit, the team to win a few games into the playoffs in order to ensure the problem has always been the same Hua Germany an answer, As a coach, it really could be so calm Laodeng? Last night, a war in Shandong, the team at the last minute free throw line in the implementation of the special strategy or accidentally thinking Hua Germany and shook the little heart out.
addition to Liu, there are several players last night, the Sharks broke the individual record. Wang Yong, the first issue of field, with a note at the end of the first section in the range jumper, a breakthrough personal CBA total score 3000 points. Although not much playing time while Wang Ligang, get only 3 points last night, but he crossed the ball with this one-third of 1500 levels. Zhang Zhaoxu joined this season, the performance of 14 points, 9 rebounds and had a career-high, and the cumulative scoring and rebounding also exceeded one hundred mark. Game with four players a breakthrough, there is a coincidence but also luck, can make it a turning point in Shanghai team, we should see the ball the final 6 games.
of opponents, layout specific tactics, develop training programs to calculate inter-sub-sub-... ..., each a work Laodeng all myself. Last night's game, the performance of teenager Zhang Zhaoxu bright spots, and Liu Wei, and the basket with several attacks, all people have the feeling of a trace of goodbye Yao Ming. To have such progress, the individualized nature and Hua Germany inseparable, Now the work has a certain return. Of course, these efforts progress and Zhang Zhaoxu I are inseparable. . But Hua Germany is concerned, in order to qualify, the team is still very passive. Other events in the current round, Bayi, Beijing and Zhejiang have won their respective opponents in the championship points series 6-8. Among them, a game of Zhejiang, the Shanghai team is currently leading two wins. Near the end of the regular season, Deng Jiajun there are 6 games, including Guangdong and August off war vs. Jiangsu, and once the 3 games there makes a mistake, the Shanghai team to the playoffs only and waved goodbye.
last night, when less than a minute left in the game, the Shanghai team has 10 points ahead of Shandong, a winner. Liu Wei, stand on the free-throw line twice, but he's no penalty in the first penalty, was on the sidelines of the Hua Germany and the captain to make the exchange. Then the second penalty, Liu Wei threw two select high-basket, and then rebound. special tactics, into the second, through the offensive rebound and get the opportunity again. We try all the tricks, unfortunately, eventually won only 10 points. probability, in fact, in the heart but has been contemplating.
grips with the Shandong team the day before, Liu Wei, specifically to the hair salon haircut, new hairstyle for Liu captain looks especially impressive.
Not long ago, Liu has just crossed the effectiveness of the Shanghai Men's milestone of 400 games, becoming the first CBA history, played over 400 games in 11 players, but also the first eight over the same team effectiveness 400 field players. Last night, scored a team-high 28 points plus 9 assists, Liu not only help the team win the key events, but also to their own personal assists to 1707 times, making three assists in CBA history to break 1,700 times players, the other two are the team's Peace and Harmony in Jiangsu (1796 times), Fujian team MASS MEDIA VOCATIONAL TECHNICAL (1707 times).
Liu Wei new hairstyle bring good feeling
small abacus Hua Germany banging
Although the general performance in the first half, Liu Wei, control of the game in the third quarter but the trend, single scored 13 points, and Harris together giving rise to an attack wave. This section of the Shanghai team received a total of 33 points, including 29 Liu Ha got two points for the final victory laid the foundation. recorded in the laurels of the first page. Men's cut the current situation in Shanghai is not optimistic, and in Liu Wei seems, no matter how difficult that he always remember the words,
from Tiger to the Year of the Rabbit, the team to win a few games into the playoffs in order to ensure the problem has always been the same Hua Germany an answer, As a coach, it really could be so calm Laodeng? Last night, a war in Shandong, the team at the last minute free throw line in the implementation of the special strategy or accidentally thinking Hua Germany and shook the little heart out.
addition to Liu, there are several players last night, the Sharks broke the individual record. Wang Yong, the first issue of field, with a note at the end of the first section in the range jumper, a breakthrough personal CBA total score 3000 points. Although not much playing time while Wang Ligang, get only 3 points last night, but he crossed the ball with this one-third of 1500 levels. Zhang Zhaoxu joined this season, the performance of 14 points, 9 rebounds and had a career-high, and the cumulative scoring and rebounding also exceeded one hundred mark. Game with four players a breakthrough, there is a coincidence but also luck, can make it a turning point in Shanghai team, we should see the ball the final 6 games.
of opponents, layout specific tactics, develop training programs to calculate inter-sub-sub-... ..., each a work Laodeng all myself. Last night's game, the performance of teenager Zhang Zhaoxu bright spots, and Liu Wei, and the basket with several attacks, all people have the feeling of a trace of goodbye Yao Ming. To have such progress, the individualized nature and Hua Germany inseparable, Now the work has a certain return. Of course, these efforts progress and Zhang Zhaoxu I are inseparable. . But Hua Germany is concerned, in order to qualify, the team is still very passive. Other events in the current round, Bayi, Beijing and Zhejiang have won their respective opponents in the championship points series 6-8. Among them, a game of Zhejiang, the Shanghai team is currently leading two wins. Near the end of the regular season, Deng Jiajun there are 6 games, including Guangdong and August off war vs. Jiangsu, and once the 3 games there makes a mistake, the Shanghai team to the playoffs only and waved goodbye.
Thursday, February 24, 2011
Chen Wenhui straighten out the insurance agency market intermediary market risk prevention
China Economic Net Beijing February 24 hearing, according to China Insurance Regulatory Commission Web site news, February 21 -22 May, 2011 annual meeting of the National Insurance Agency supervision was held in Shenzhen. Chen Wenhui, Assistant Chairman of China Insurance Regulatory Commission attended the meeting and in his speech pointed out that the insurance intermediary in 2011 to continue to carry out supervision of the insurance company intermediary business checks, and resolutely straighten out the insurance agency market, and steadily promote reform and innovation in marketing staff to effectively prevent and resolve intermediary market risk, to protect the interests of the insured as the fundamental starting point and end point, and comprehensively promote healthy and sustainable development of the insurance intermediary market.
Chen Wenhui said the insurance intermediary in 2010 will be monitoring closely around the Party center, and effectively in accordance with the regulation of market intermediaries and the deep-seated problems and take effective measures to rectify market order and improve the rules and regulations, streamline institutional mechanisms to achieve the overall co-ordination, grasp the key points, breaking the difficulty of the intended target.
Chen Wenhui stressed that the participants do you need supervision to maintain a high degree of party line will firmly implement the Party's various work arrangements; must protect the interests of insurance consumers supervision of insurance intermediaries as the starting point and end point; must respect the laws of the market, adhere to the direction of market development; required by law to monitor and continuously strengthen the system construction; must be a large number of regulatory practices, to improve the quality of cadres and the regulatory agency execution.
Chen Wenhui requirements, do you monitor work to further unify their thinking, and work place to enhance supervision and risk prevention up; to focus the work, seize the main contradictions of the market hot and difficult issues to be reflected in the breakthrough; to strengthen the intermediary supervision cadres, increase efforts to train personnel; to strengthen the supervision of an intermediary organization and leadership, and concerted efforts. He noted that the 2011 regulation of insurance intermediaries focus, first, in accordance with article 1, 2011, China Insurance Regulatory Commission requirements, continue to carry out insurance intermediary business, inspection, and resolutely straighten out the insurance agency market. Second is to encourage market innovation, and actively and steadily push forward reform of marketing staff. Third, the focus to risk, to effectively protect the interests of the insured, effectively prevent and dissolve the intermediary market risk. Fourth, complete the Fifth, through training and supervision of cadres continuously improve the quality of practice. Sixth, the insurance intermediary market good training and restructuring the environment, and promote the industry to form the internal driving force of scientific development.
meeting the insurance intermediary supervision in 2010 made a comprehensive summary of the insurance company first, vigorously carry out inspection and rectification of intermediary business. Through focus, thorough investigation of heavy place, got rid of the market order, and effectively protect the interests of the insured, the insurance intermediary business to promote normal development. The second is to actively and steadily promote the reform insurance salesman. CIRC business departments, issued Third, pay close attention to in a timely manner to resolve market risk. Through the upper and lower linkage, reaction time, crack down, and gradually established a place covering the whole process of risk prevention mechanism. Fourth, improve the rules and regulations. The drafting of a
Chen Wenhui said the insurance intermediary in 2010 will be monitoring closely around the Party center, and effectively in accordance with the regulation of market intermediaries and the deep-seated problems and take effective measures to rectify market order and improve the rules and regulations, streamline institutional mechanisms to achieve the overall co-ordination, grasp the key points, breaking the difficulty of the intended target.
Chen Wenhui stressed that the participants do you need supervision to maintain a high degree of party line will firmly implement the Party's various work arrangements; must protect the interests of insurance consumers supervision of insurance intermediaries as the starting point and end point; must respect the laws of the market, adhere to the direction of market development; required by law to monitor and continuously strengthen the system construction; must be a large number of regulatory practices, to improve the quality of cadres and the regulatory agency execution.
Chen Wenhui requirements, do you monitor work to further unify their thinking, and work place to enhance supervision and risk prevention up; to focus the work, seize the main contradictions of the market hot and difficult issues to be reflected in the breakthrough; to strengthen the intermediary supervision cadres, increase efforts to train personnel; to strengthen the supervision of an intermediary organization and leadership, and concerted efforts. He noted that the 2011 regulation of insurance intermediaries focus, first, in accordance with article 1, 2011, China Insurance Regulatory Commission requirements, continue to carry out insurance intermediary business, inspection, and resolutely straighten out the insurance agency market. Second is to encourage market innovation, and actively and steadily push forward reform of marketing staff. Third, the focus to risk, to effectively protect the interests of the insured, effectively prevent and dissolve the intermediary market risk. Fourth, complete the Fifth, through training and supervision of cadres continuously improve the quality of practice. Sixth, the insurance intermediary market good training and restructuring the environment, and promote the industry to form the internal driving force of scientific development.
meeting the insurance intermediary supervision in 2010 made a comprehensive summary of the insurance company first, vigorously carry out inspection and rectification of intermediary business. Through focus, thorough investigation of heavy place, got rid of the market order, and effectively protect the interests of the insured, the insurance intermediary business to promote normal development. The second is to actively and steadily promote the reform insurance salesman. CIRC business departments, issued Third, pay close attention to in a timely manner to resolve market risk. Through the upper and lower linkage, reaction time, crack down, and gradually established a place covering the whole process of risk prevention mechanism. Fourth, improve the rules and regulations. The drafting of a
Wednesday, February 23, 2011
Rise of Great Powers
Rise of Great Powers
Most historians believe that: before and after 1500 was an important watershed in human history, from that time began, human history can be called a true sense of the history of the world. Prior to this, human living in isolation from each other but on separate pieces of land, a continent that no one can know exactly, what is the Earth round or square, and almost every piece of land people think they live in the world Center.
1500 years ago, China is in the Ming Dynasty under the rule. Zheng He's fleet of seven ocean voyages, but not to open up trade, but to promote an ideal emperor. after the death of Zheng, the Chinese The figure disappeared in the ocean.
Arab and Indian traders and Europe, Asia, Africa continued business dealings with the mainland, but the scope of their activities largely confined to the Indian Ocean.
This was described by Europeans of the world, known to three continents mm Europe, Asia and Africa, respectively, by three Christian kings, and other places are not open chaos.
but in the year 1400 after two centuries, Europe pen drawing of several large land-based people like growing embryo, and gradually shaped by the obscure group evolved into what we know today looks clearly visible.
It is from that time onwards, together fragmented world began , caused by the geographical discovery of the national competition, opened the inter-linkages of different civilizations, mutual gaze, but also the history of fighting against each other and the big screen.
Amazingly, open the curtain of this history of mankind not at the economic and cultural center of Europe, but in continental Europe occupies a small area southwest corner of the country's two mm, Portugal and Spain. Five hundred years ago, they have become the dominating global hegemony, spheres of influence in Europe,br> conquer was conquered from the beginning. From the 11th century to 11th century AD, two thousand years, incessant war on the Iberian Peninsula, the land has been occupied by Romans, Germanic and the Moors conquest. matador as one desperate, the people living in this land has never stopped the fight with the invaders, until today, we can still clearly feel as if rooted in the genes that the pursuit of stimulation, like adventure pride.
long two thousand years, tears, pain and sacrifice finally paid out for the riches of freedom.
AD 1143, an independent monarchy, Portugal, in the recovery of territory in the war came into being , and received papal recognition, which appears on the European continent's first unified nation-state.
Interview: Sarah by the Portuguese historian JH W
12 and the characteristics of 13th century Portugal, it is not a feudal separatism in the country, but the people of the kingdom, the king of Portugal, not only by the nobility, that is, the support of his vassals, and embraced by the people.
powerful monarchy that the Portuguese have a strong national ownership sense, but to achieve prosperity of the country is still a long journey. Portugal, less than a million square kilometers of space for development, resources are very scarce, the eastern neighbors of the endless war, and continued harassment of a piece of barren land, after independence After the Kingdom of Portugal, after two centuries, it is still dangerous, precarious.
the first to establish whether the nation-state can last? powerful monarchy will give it what? Portugal, where the future of the nation ? have been people living near the sea-fishing, had set our sights on being called ; five hundred anniversary of the death of building, the monument's front reads: Under the leadership of Enrique, Portugal started to conquer the sea journey.
Enrique was born in 1394, King Joao I of Portugal's third son.
then Europe is out from the ignorance of the Middle Ages , began in earnest in the Italian Renaissance, such as spark a prairie fire step by step, scientific and cultural ideas that point to light the skies of Europe.
just 12 years old when the Prince Enrique, 1406, a dusty a thousand two hundred years of book publishing, has led to a revolution in geographical knowledge and concepts, which is the writings of ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy mm Chairman Jordan payment. Magellan
this book and many of the works of Greece, like other scholars, at the time was forgotten. Meanwhile, in Asia, this book has not been forgotten. and in Western Europe until 1406 before in Italy is concerned, from the late 15th century began to be printed and published, before they get spread more widely.
While watching today, Ptolemy world map drawn many errors, such as Africa and Antarctica are closely linked, with the exception of Europe Asia, outside of Africa, the world is an endless ocean, plants and animals to survive without the equator, etc., but at the time, it is illusory than those of travel myths and hearsay, still provide many more reliable geographic information.
Ptolemy described the world really is like this? Atlantic really can not sail it? huge question mark plagued the European continent, but also a burning obsession with geography and navigation strategies in Prince Enrique.
At the same time , a sudden big changes in his history again pushed the front of Portugal, leveraging the protagonist of history is that these seem unremarkable today, pepper.
Today, it is difficult to understand even the Europeans themselves, their Why are spices so dependent on fathers!
interview: Spain International Institute for Strategic Studies Research Fellow Royal Carlos. Mara Mulder
at the time, 14,15 century, methods of food preservation is dependent on spices, because There was no fridge. So the Europeans are pressing for the needs of spices, spice prices in the European market also reached an unprecedented height.
However, the lucrative spice trade, first monopolized by Arab traders, then, trade routes has been suddenly blocking the rise of the Turkish Ottoman Empire. The European rush to bail out, whether it is the sacred religion, or secular business, are hoping to find strong measures to reverse this situation. in the land after the failure of a military breakthrough, restless Europeans began to seek a way out to the sea.
Europeans how to be successful then?
Sagres, Portugal, the southern tip of a small fishing village, until today, there are still very bleak.
chronicle under the Portuguese records, the 15th century, under the auspices of the Prince Enrique, where the history of mankind has been established the first national sailing school, there have been built for the marine observatory and a library, this lighthouse was built in the 15th century , after almost six years of wind, frost, snow and rain, is still proudly stands.
interview: Professor of Religious Studies Natalie Portugal. Kelei Ya. Gede Si
According to historical records at that time, especially biography Writers Fernandez. Lopez's record, Don. Henrique Prince is a very serious, decisive, he is very clear what he needs, good with excellent staff around him to get along.
we do not know seem to face Enrique old-fashioned because of the prince with ingenious and tolerant, or as inclusive and has the ingenious. Italians, Arabs, Jews, Moors, of different races and even different faiths, experts and scholars gathered at his command. They Improved Chinese compass, the only corner with a traditional European sailing ships, converted into two or three with a multi-masted fast spinnaker sailing, it is these more than 20 meters long and 60-80 tons of heavy dhows the ultimate success of the Portuguese explorers ambition; they also established a committee composed of mathematicians, the mathematics, astronomy, the theory used in navigation, so that the voyage was a real science.
Interview: History of Portugal by Sarah Watts
JH scientists found the first sailing as a national program in Portugal, is a national program, a program hosted by a prince. This makes the Portuguese merchant marine discovery unlike those conducted for the trade the isolation of adventure, but a planned two years, systematic organization of tasks and strategies.
through twenty years of exploration of the theory and practice, the original mystery, fearsome Atlantic gradually revealed some regularity. Finally off the Portuguese south.
guests each visit to Portugal, Rocca angle is the inevitable choice, this is Europe's > just entering the autumn, the cold wind has been blowing visitors can not play based on!
thousands of years, stretching from sea water this stone is like a lonely old man, but to keep looking at the stormy Atlantic, keep looking at the European nightmare. until the 16th century, Portugal's greatest poet ever Kameng Si fighting sea journey in writing the epic, the fulcrum of the New World.
AD 1443, under the command of the Prince Enrique, from the angle of departure of the Portuguese navigator Rocca across the West African coast Bohaduoer angle. Prior to this, here is the end of the known world.
for this One day, the prince and his fleet Enrique has been fighting for 21 years.
mixed with the Chinese fleet of Zheng He's compared to the Portuguese sailing two or three small, but, with the adventurous nature of wealth desire and a strong religious fervor, the Portuguese finally broke through the medieval European maritime sector in the psychological and physiological limits.
interview: Louis Vice Chancellor, University of Porto, Portugal. Adam. tat. Fonseca
with overseas expansion to continue to advance, more and more people reach the sea, so the formation of the waters, and now they found that the large marine bigger than they imagine, it is also the south and west infinitely 延伸.
along the west coast of Africa with the Portuguese, all the way south, a steady stream of gold, ivory , and the influx of African pepper, Lisbon, Portugal's treasury full.
Fortunately, with great fanfare in the Portuguese marine explore and benefit from nearly a century, other parts of Europe, the Middle Ages are still closed in the infighting :
England and France have not formed a unified nation-state, wars among the nobility;
German land hundreds of nations large and small, distant past during the attack of the game;
Italian city-states are Enjoy the traditional trade will bring a wonderful time last;
Spain and Portugal's neighbors are still fighting for the recovery of land.
to 1460, painted by the Portuguese west coast of Africa on the map has reached 4,000 kilometers . In that year, Enrique died, the never married, 45 years in Sagres ascetic saint's side returned to their parents.
Although Enrique lives have never personally out to sea, is worthy of the Enrique's death 27 years later, the successor to the Portuguese seafaring King João II, continue to send Dias rate three sailing south along the Atlantic Ocean.
six months after the voyage, the fleet suffered a rare sudden storm In coerced by the storm, passively drifting southeast, after 13 days and nights, Dias ordered the fleet turned north, this time, he unexpectedly found: fleet has been around the southernmost tip of Africa. To commemorate the Nine Lives of legendary, Dias to the Cape named Portuguese will be able to reach the dream of the Orient. trade routes will open up, meaning that wealth will soon master the spice trade in the hands of Portugal.
However, at this time, the Portuguese encountered a formidable opponent, and that Spain had just unified neighbors. So, what the Spanish and Portuguese will be competitive with it?
Granada in Spain today, the most Islamic-style city, Islamic architecture of the classic Alhambra Palace, after soldiers fire several difficult centuries, still elegant and dignified.
hundred years ago, Spain battle for the final recovery of exercise here to .1490 in the spring, led by Spain's Queen Isabel Granada, surrounded by thousands of troops .
Interview: Spanish military historian Julio. penaranda. Alwar
the reconstruction of the Kingdom of Spain, largely thanks to regain lost ground in the war, the war lasted a full eight century. to the 15th century, the Kingdom is still in the Granada Muslims under the rule of the Moors.
opposite in Granada this stone castle, the Queen Isabel to personally supervise operations. The queen usually a white, every day To change clothes four times a bath, beauty, European royal family has been amazing. But she made the oath under the weight: not capture Granada never took off his shirt.
1492 年 1 2 March, the army violently in Spain attack, the Moors abandon the city to surrender. as long as the war came to an end the eight century. Isabel Granada kissed the Queen of the land, with her husband, King Ferdinand went into Alhambra Palace.
and to unity has just been completed in Spain when the history of Spain sent a golden opportunity.
with the Queen to enter the ranks of Granada, there is a wait for the Queen summoned the Genoese, he is then were moving the world The Christopher Columbus..
was already widely spread from the round earth theory, the Columbus had an idea, that is: towards the west can reach the East. Columbus believed that his plan will soon be sailing Europeans to the east, but in the previous six years, Columbus has been subjected to cold in Portugal.
Interview: Spain Gutierrez.
Meli, vice president of multi-Ferdinand. Ah Ligo. Gouy Calvo Alan Ge
Columbus João II, did not accept the proposal because of Portugal's maritime strategy is over the Cape of Good Hope, through Africa and then east to seek new routes to reach Asia, and thus and India trade.
Portugal navigation knowledgeable experts say: sailing west to reach east of the actual distance, will far exceed the forecast of Columbus. but it is the right to judge the Portuguese experts, so that the loss of a kingdom of Portugal historic opportunity.
1492 年 1 month, just finished Queen Isabel reunification Columbus summoned the third time.
Portugal rely on the rapid rise of sea power, jealous of the whole of Europe was dog eat dog, but the financial, material and The lack of qualified personnel of all kings, aristocrats, business people flinched. ambitious Queen Isabel in 23 years to create a unified Spain, and now, she started to become a Spanish explorer of the total ocean-going sponsor.
Interview: Ancient Spain Fe Juarez. Meli multi Professor Sonia. Arda. Messias
united country only have sufficient strength and determination, to finance such a great voyage of Columbus, which was fully demonstrated Europe's strength and determination of feudal power.
Columbus and the Spanish royal family for three months negotiations.
family was born in Columbus, cloth merchants, from small business to monasteries bargaining behavior in the eight years of sailing experience and Portugal gave him a reason to improve the price tag, Columbus confidently enough to fight for their rights.
the Queen does not believe that people with a common interest to sit down and discuss the allocation of what is wrong.
Interview: Spanish Speaker Distance Education University professor Carlos. Martinez. Xiao
for the colonial occupation, though done by the explorer, but its base is a contract with the royal family and the treaty, which seemed to take the lead in the chorus is As lead singer, received by the explorers to colonize the colonies, but the colony's sovereignty belongs to the royal family still.
1492 年 4 17, the two sides signed the agreement, the state will end with the navigator's desire to combine together. < br> Columbus, was appointed commander in chief were found, can be found in everything from one-tenth of the wealth and goods unless special exemption; for the future of this earthly vessel bound for Columbus to charge one-eighth of its profit. < br> 8 3 May, the Navy awarded the Grand Marshal of the Queen with the appointment of state, Columbus on deck, on the Queen to his three sailing funded the sailing orders issued.
west. then west. sailboat into the heart of the Atlantic.
order to reduce the crew to leave the land too far because of the fear generated, Columbus secretly adjusted the meter tools, daily reporting of some of sailing miles. but even so, two months after nothing of the fleet went to the brink of collapse remains.
10 10 May, anxiety and anger of the crew said it will continue westbound rebellion. heated debate, the Columbus proposals: longer follow the three days, three days later to see if it but not the land, the fleet to return.
Interview: Spanish National Distance Education University professor Carlos Speaker. Martinez. Xiao
no doubt he is very wise to do so, because just three days after the riot, He was opposed to the mast the sailors shouted: land, is located in North America today, the Bahamas, from that day, together fragmented world began.
Although Columbus died thought he reached India, but the fact is neither he arrived in China, but also not India, but Europeans have never known a piece of the New World.
because of misjudgment of Columbus, the indigenous people have a piece of land that they have nothing to do with the name of mm Indians, even today, We also feel as though they were distant relatives in Asia.
off in Columbus this year, the man produced the earliest globe, in this globe, this position belongs to the American continent or an ocean.
Spainwere surrounded by Indians, holding the streets of colorful parrots.
triumph, but is not the first to see Columbus Queen Isabel of Spain, but Columbus was rejected King Joao II of Portugal, Columbus was returning First to reach Lisbon, João II, interviewed him specifically.
of uncertainty and a bowl of João II of dry beans used, so that Columbus brought the Indians put on the table looks like the New World. The game was the geographical so that he secretly wringing: adjacent to the maritime powers were before the discovery of who has the right to do future world?
Interview: Sarah Portuguese historian JH
by tile in that era, on the theory that the sea, the sea is not open, people think that the discoverer of the sea belong to it, no doubt, the Portuguese found it.
after nearly a year of negotiations, June 7, 1494, under the auspices of the Pope in Rome, Lisbon, Portugal and Spain on the outskirts of the town signed the treaty: to draw a line in the earth, and then, like the Earth as a melon Chessie two and a half. Portugal took the east, Spain to hold in the arms of the Americas.
drawn from this was paintings point of view, the bargaining process is intense, but in fact, accurate calculations and does not make much sense, because both the Portuguese or Spanish, and the European continent than just have a little bit of contact, no one know exactly how much the planet.
Interview: Spain Gutierrez. Meli more Dean Isidro. Cypriots just Sepulveda. Munoz
this treaty in Western Civilization significance of the resulting established the precedent of the colonial powers carved up, a trend that later culminated in the Treaty of Berlin, the European countries will sit together around the world are all known and unknown place to be assigned to form the prototype of the world situation today . we can say that the global expansion began in the Western world began to the treaty.
rules of the game has been developed, the next thing is to see who was faster action.
1498 年 5 months, after four years of death in the face, Portuguese navigators reached. Gama led the fleet finally arrived at Calicut in India in Hong Kong, which is seventy years ago, Zheng He, the kingdom of heaven is an ideal place to display.
different and Zheng, Portugal man this brings not only a friendly greeting, when the Indians asked the purpose of their arrival, the tat. gamma very succinctly replied: nearly a century of difficult exploration, the desire Enrique Prince finally become a reality, the European navigators decades of accumulated knowledge and courage to start into a dazzling wealth.
the face of the success of the Portuguese in the East, Spain again departure.
1519 年 9 20 March, another snub by the Portuguese navigator Magellan, with five ships and 265 crew members, the first time in human history began sailing around the Earth.
This is undoubtedly an epoch-making feat, its meaning can even leave the Earth to the moon and human than, the difference is when American astronaut Neil. Armstrong carefully taken that step, he knew that at least seven hundred million around the world people are cheering for him.
but 450 years ago, Magellan was not so lucky. in the day and night through 1080, 17,000 km range, the September 5, 1521, in this magnificent church, around the Earth 18 survivors lit candles hand engine, in this epic voyage of the great prayer warriors died, including their captain was killed Magellan in the Philippines.
18 盏 candlelight is so weak, but it is light The process of human civilization is!
now displayed in front of Western Europeans, is not a quarter of a hemisphere, but the entire planet.
earth twirled, cartographers working hard day and night, still can not satisfy people's demand for revision of the map, the map coloring in the humid and when not to be removed, new routes opened up a navigator in Europe to control the world chain.
onslaught in the gunboats , a strategic point of traffic at sea have become a foregone conclusion and Portugal, from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean is the use of more than 50 locations, half a world monopoly of the Portuguese merchant routes. In the early 16th century the first five years, Portuguese spice trading volume increased rapidly from 220,000 pounds to 230 pounds, became the dominant power in maritime trade.
harvest and Portugal in the East compared to Spain's looting of the American continent more direct.
According to statistics, from 1502 to 1660, Spain from the Americas by 18,600 tons and 200 tons of silver, up up gold, to the late 16th century, the world's gold production, 83% of Spanish possession.
the expansion phase with the Europeans accompanied, however, are the two major centers of civilization of American Elegy. to 1570, the war came the massacres and epidemics in Europe, so that the population in Mexico fell from 25 million to 265 million, Peru's population from 9,000,000 down to 1,300,000 . America's Native Indians since the drastic reduction in 90%.
Interview: New University of Lisbon, Portugal Professor Antonio. Manuel. España. Osiris door
when Portugal and Spain When the royal family together, that is, Philip I of Portugal or Spain during the reign of Philip II, Philip said to the Kingdom of the sun never land, because the territory of the King of Portugal and Spain to reach the whole world, from Mexico to the Philippines, China, India and Africa.
in Europe, the Spanish rule nearly half of the Catholic world; in Asia, it conquered the Philippines; and outside of the Americas except Brazil, owned by Spain. Portuguese colonies throughout Africa, Brazil and Central Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean island routes.
Iberian Peninsula created a mythical miracle, this miracle will not do, like fairy tales, see the first but not the tail, misty uncertain, do come and gone?
This is the only Madrid a square named after country, the pride of the Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes mm impressively stands in the middle of the monument, each approached the Cervantes who could not help to touch the ride Shouma Church. Don Quixote and Sancho followed by servants.
Interview: Spain Gutierrez. Meli more Dean Isidro. Cypriots just Sepulveda.
Munoz Cervantes has published many books during his lifetime, his plays were also popular works, but he lived a destitute old age, life, he knew somebody who did not give him enough funding life, so that When he died is still very poor.
Cervantes's fate reflects the subtle rise and fall of the Iberian Peninsula.
royalty and the powerful support of religious fanaticism, the Iberian Asian peninsula conquered the sea, access to the world. However, the influx of wealth, like the tides, almost all used to support the religious beliefs of the colonial expansion of the war, but not really allow for the development of industrial and commercial prosperity of the country up . powerful nobles want to see the development of trade and industry led to the rise of new forces, they even absurd to put tens of thousands of foreigners engaged in business, away from their own land was.
Interview: Spain Speaker National University of Distance Education Professor Carlos. Martinez. Xiao
Spain getting used to it, do not invest their own industries, and turned to buying expensive goods abroad, over time, sharp fall in domestic industry, while the currency has depreciated sharply , people are still addicted to consumption.
Interview: former Chairman of the Portuguese maritime Jordan King Memorial. Magellan
we know that an institution is likely to change because there is no ability to make know the colonial expansion of Portugal and Spain appeared in this period is the decline because they can not make a change.
Rocca angle of the sun slowly sets, and this is the last hint of sunshine Europe.
to 16 half of the century, once had countless gold and silver and very powerful state machine of the Iberian Peninsula, the performance in the world to start the curtain call. water in general and the influx of wealth flow out like water, in addition to luxury social trends, the industry did not leave a decent, ordinary people did not even get decent food, clothing, shelter,.
perhaps, indulge in the medieval church heroic dreams. Quixote does not understand death, and his shield is a cover of the old world, stabbing his spear is a new world, the end can only be repeated frustration and failure!
history of the world's first drama on the stage ended tragically. The next a, which will be a country, wearing the new world Rays debut to perform it?
】 【Order】
most historians believe that: before and after 1500 was an important watershed in the history of mankind, Since then, human history can be called a true sense of the history of the world. Prior to this, but isolated from human life independent of each other a few pieces of land, a continent that no one can know exactly , whether the Earth round or square, and almost every piece of land people think they live in the center of the world.
1500 years ago, China is in the Ming Dynasty under the rule. Zheng He's fleet of seven voyages, but not to open up trade, but to promote an ideal emperor. after the death of Zheng, the Chinese figure disappeared in the ocean.
Arab and Indian traders and Europe, Asia, Africa and the continent continues to the business dealings, but the scope of their activities largely confined to the Indian Ocean.
This was described by Europeans, the world's three continents mm known in Europe, Asia and Africa, respectively, by three Christian kings Other places are not open chaos.
but in the year 1400 after two centuries, European drawings were described by several large land like a growing embryo, and gradually by the fuzzy lumps, evolved into today are familiar with the appearance of clearly visible.
It is from that time onwards, fragmented world started together, caused by the geographical discovery of the national competition, opened the inter-linkages of different civilizations, each looking at the same time fighting against each other and the history of the big screen.
Amazingly, open the curtain of this history of mankind, not when the economic and cultural center of Europe, but occupies a continent in the southwest corner of the two areas do not mm large country, Portugal and Spain. Five hundred years ago, they have become the dominating global hegemony, spheres of influence throughout Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas.
So, what forces to conquer the Iberian Peninsula in a small marine and thus dominate the world more than a century it?
the set Title: Episode Marine Times
conquered conquered from the beginning. From the 11th century to 11th century AD, two thousand years, incessant war on the Iberian Peninsula, the land has been occupied by Romans, Germanic and Moorish conquest. matador, as one desperate, the people living in this land has never stopped with the intruder struggle, until today, we can still clearly feel as if rooted in the genes that the pursuit of stimulation, adventurous pride.
long two thousand years, tears, pain and sacrifice in exchange for valuable free at last .
the year 1143, an independent monarchy, Portugal, in the recovery of territory in the war came into being, and received papal recognition, which appears on the European continent's first unified nation-state.
Interview: Sarah by the Portuguese historian JH
12 watts and features 13th century Portugal, it is not a feudal separatism in the country, but the people of the kingdom, the king of Portugal, not only by the nobility, that is, his minister are supported and embraced by the people.
powerful monarchy that the Portuguese have a strong national sense of belonging, but to achieve prosperity of the country is still a long journey. Portugal, less than a million square kilometers of the development of space, resources are very scarce, the east neighbor of the endless war, and continued harassment of a piece of barren land, the independent Kingdom of Portugal after the experience of two centuries later, remains a dangerous, precarious.
the lead in establishing the How can the nation-state for how long? powerful monarchy will give it what? Portugal, where the future of the nation? have been people living near the sea-fishing, had set our sights on being called Atlantic.
the ship's monument, in 1960 the Portuguese Government to commemorate the The Way of the British ...
Most historians believe that: before and after 1500 was an important watershed in human history, from that time began, human history can be called a true sense of the history of the world. Prior to this, human living in isolation from each other but on separate pieces of land, a continent that no one can know exactly, what is the Earth round or square, and almost every piece of land people think they live in the world Center.
1500 years ago, China is in the Ming Dynasty under the rule. Zheng He's fleet of seven ocean voyages, but not to open up trade, but to promote an ideal emperor. after the death of Zheng, the Chinese The figure disappeared in the ocean.
Arab and Indian traders and Europe, Asia, Africa continued business dealings with the mainland, but the scope of their activities largely confined to the Indian Ocean.
This was described by Europeans of the world, known to three continents mm Europe, Asia and Africa, respectively, by three Christian kings, and other places are not open chaos.
but in the year 1400 after two centuries, Europe pen drawing of several large land-based people like growing embryo, and gradually shaped by the obscure group evolved into what we know today looks clearly visible.
It is from that time onwards, together fragmented world began , caused by the geographical discovery of the national competition, opened the inter-linkages of different civilizations, mutual gaze, but also the history of fighting against each other and the big screen.
Amazingly, open the curtain of this history of mankind not at the economic and cultural center of Europe, but in continental Europe occupies a small area southwest corner of the country's two mm, Portugal and Spain. Five hundred years ago, they have become the dominating global hegemony, spheres of influence in Europe,br> conquer was conquered from the beginning. From the 11th century to 11th century AD, two thousand years, incessant war on the Iberian Peninsula, the land has been occupied by Romans, Germanic and the Moors conquest. matador as one desperate, the people living in this land has never stopped the fight with the invaders, until today, we can still clearly feel as if rooted in the genes that the pursuit of stimulation, like adventure pride.
long two thousand years, tears, pain and sacrifice finally paid out for the riches of freedom.
AD 1143, an independent monarchy, Portugal, in the recovery of territory in the war came into being , and received papal recognition, which appears on the European continent's first unified nation-state.
Interview: Sarah by the Portuguese historian JH W
12 and the characteristics of 13th century Portugal, it is not a feudal separatism in the country, but the people of the kingdom, the king of Portugal, not only by the nobility, that is, the support of his vassals, and embraced by the people.
powerful monarchy that the Portuguese have a strong national ownership sense, but to achieve prosperity of the country is still a long journey. Portugal, less than a million square kilometers of space for development, resources are very scarce, the eastern neighbors of the endless war, and continued harassment of a piece of barren land, after independence After the Kingdom of Portugal, after two centuries, it is still dangerous, precarious.
the first to establish whether the nation-state can last? powerful monarchy will give it what? Portugal, where the future of the nation ? have been people living near the sea-fishing, had set our sights on being called ; five hundred anniversary of the death of building, the monument's front reads: Under the leadership of Enrique, Portugal started to conquer the sea journey.
Enrique was born in 1394, King Joao I of Portugal's third son.
then Europe is out from the ignorance of the Middle Ages , began in earnest in the Italian Renaissance, such as spark a prairie fire step by step, scientific and cultural ideas that point to light the skies of Europe.
just 12 years old when the Prince Enrique, 1406, a dusty a thousand two hundred years of book publishing, has led to a revolution in geographical knowledge and concepts, which is the writings of ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy mm Chairman Jordan payment. Magellan
this book and many of the works of Greece, like other scholars, at the time was forgotten. Meanwhile, in Asia, this book has not been forgotten. and in Western Europe until 1406 before in Italy is concerned, from the late 15th century began to be printed and published, before they get spread more widely.
While watching today, Ptolemy world map drawn many errors, such as Africa and Antarctica are closely linked, with the exception of Europe Asia, outside of Africa, the world is an endless ocean, plants and animals to survive without the equator, etc., but at the time, it is illusory than those of travel myths and hearsay, still provide many more reliable geographic information.
Ptolemy described the world really is like this? Atlantic really can not sail it? huge question mark plagued the European continent, but also a burning obsession with geography and navigation strategies in Prince Enrique.
At the same time , a sudden big changes in his history again pushed the front of Portugal, leveraging the protagonist of history is that these seem unremarkable today, pepper.
Today, it is difficult to understand even the Europeans themselves, their Why are spices so dependent on fathers!
interview: Spain International Institute for Strategic Studies Research Fellow Royal Carlos. Mara Mulder
at the time, 14,15 century, methods of food preservation is dependent on spices, because There was no fridge. So the Europeans are pressing for the needs of spices, spice prices in the European market also reached an unprecedented height.
However, the lucrative spice trade, first monopolized by Arab traders, then, trade routes has been suddenly blocking the rise of the Turkish Ottoman Empire. The European rush to bail out, whether it is the sacred religion, or secular business, are hoping to find strong measures to reverse this situation. in the land after the failure of a military breakthrough, restless Europeans began to seek a way out to the sea.
Europeans how to be successful then?
Sagres, Portugal, the southern tip of a small fishing village, until today, there are still very bleak.
chronicle under the Portuguese records, the 15th century, under the auspices of the Prince Enrique, where the history of mankind has been established the first national sailing school, there have been built for the marine observatory and a library, this lighthouse was built in the 15th century , after almost six years of wind, frost, snow and rain, is still proudly stands.
interview: Professor of Religious Studies Natalie Portugal. Kelei Ya. Gede Si
According to historical records at that time, especially biography Writers Fernandez. Lopez's record, Don. Henrique Prince is a very serious, decisive, he is very clear what he needs, good with excellent staff around him to get along.
we do not know seem to face Enrique old-fashioned because of the prince with ingenious and tolerant, or as inclusive and has the ingenious. Italians, Arabs, Jews, Moors, of different races and even different faiths, experts and scholars gathered at his command. They Improved Chinese compass, the only corner with a traditional European sailing ships, converted into two or three with a multi-masted fast spinnaker sailing, it is these more than 20 meters long and 60-80 tons of heavy dhows the ultimate success of the Portuguese explorers ambition; they also established a committee composed of mathematicians, the mathematics, astronomy, the theory used in navigation, so that the voyage was a real science.
Interview: History of Portugal by Sarah Watts
JH scientists found the first sailing as a national program in Portugal, is a national program, a program hosted by a prince. This makes the Portuguese merchant marine discovery unlike those conducted for the trade the isolation of adventure, but a planned two years, systematic organization of tasks and strategies.
through twenty years of exploration of the theory and practice, the original mystery, fearsome Atlantic gradually revealed some regularity. Finally off the Portuguese south.
guests each visit to Portugal, Rocca angle is the inevitable choice, this is Europe's > just entering the autumn, the cold wind has been blowing visitors can not play based on!
thousands of years, stretching from sea water this stone is like a lonely old man, but to keep looking at the stormy Atlantic, keep looking at the European nightmare. until the 16th century, Portugal's greatest poet ever Kameng Si fighting sea journey in writing the epic, the fulcrum of the New World.
AD 1443, under the command of the Prince Enrique, from the angle of departure of the Portuguese navigator Rocca across the West African coast Bohaduoer angle. Prior to this, here is the end of the known world.
for this One day, the prince and his fleet Enrique has been fighting for 21 years.
mixed with the Chinese fleet of Zheng He's compared to the Portuguese sailing two or three small, but, with the adventurous nature of wealth desire and a strong religious fervor, the Portuguese finally broke through the medieval European maritime sector in the psychological and physiological limits.
interview: Louis Vice Chancellor, University of Porto, Portugal. Adam. tat. Fonseca
with overseas expansion to continue to advance, more and more people reach the sea, so the formation of the waters, and now they found that the large marine bigger than they imagine, it is also the south and west infinitely 延伸.
along the west coast of Africa with the Portuguese, all the way south, a steady stream of gold, ivory , and the influx of African pepper, Lisbon, Portugal's treasury full.
Fortunately, with great fanfare in the Portuguese marine explore and benefit from nearly a century, other parts of Europe, the Middle Ages are still closed in the infighting :
England and France have not formed a unified nation-state, wars among the nobility;
German land hundreds of nations large and small, distant past during the attack of the game;
Italian city-states are Enjoy the traditional trade will bring a wonderful time last;
Spain and Portugal's neighbors are still fighting for the recovery of land.
to 1460, painted by the Portuguese west coast of Africa on the map has reached 4,000 kilometers . In that year, Enrique died, the never married, 45 years in Sagres ascetic saint's side returned to their parents.
Although Enrique lives have never personally out to sea, is worthy of the Enrique's death 27 years later, the successor to the Portuguese seafaring King João II, continue to send Dias rate three sailing south along the Atlantic Ocean.
six months after the voyage, the fleet suffered a rare sudden storm In coerced by the storm, passively drifting southeast, after 13 days and nights, Dias ordered the fleet turned north, this time, he unexpectedly found: fleet has been around the southernmost tip of Africa. To commemorate the Nine Lives of legendary, Dias to the Cape named Portuguese will be able to reach the dream of the Orient. trade routes will open up, meaning that wealth will soon master the spice trade in the hands of Portugal.
However, at this time, the Portuguese encountered a formidable opponent, and that Spain had just unified neighbors. So, what the Spanish and Portuguese will be competitive with it?
Granada in Spain today, the most Islamic-style city, Islamic architecture of the classic Alhambra Palace, after soldiers fire several difficult centuries, still elegant and dignified.
hundred years ago, Spain battle for the final recovery of exercise here to .1490 in the spring, led by Spain's Queen Isabel Granada, surrounded by thousands of troops .
Interview: Spanish military historian Julio. penaranda. Alwar
the reconstruction of the Kingdom of Spain, largely thanks to regain lost ground in the war, the war lasted a full eight century. to the 15th century, the Kingdom is still in the Granada Muslims under the rule of the Moors.
opposite in Granada this stone castle, the Queen Isabel to personally supervise operations. The queen usually a white, every day To change clothes four times a bath, beauty, European royal family has been amazing. But she made the oath under the weight: not capture Granada never took off his shirt.
1492 年 1 2 March, the army violently in Spain attack, the Moors abandon the city to surrender. as long as the war came to an end the eight century. Isabel Granada kissed the Queen of the land, with her husband, King Ferdinand went into Alhambra Palace.
and to unity has just been completed in Spain when the history of Spain sent a golden opportunity.
with the Queen to enter the ranks of Granada, there is a wait for the Queen summoned the Genoese, he is then were moving the world The Christopher Columbus..
was already widely spread from the round earth theory, the Columbus had an idea, that is: towards the west can reach the East. Columbus believed that his plan will soon be sailing Europeans to the east, but in the previous six years, Columbus has been subjected to cold in Portugal.
Interview: Spain Gutierrez.
Meli, vice president of multi-Ferdinand. Ah Ligo. Gouy Calvo Alan Ge
Columbus João II, did not accept the proposal because of Portugal's maritime strategy is over the Cape of Good Hope, through Africa and then east to seek new routes to reach Asia, and thus and India trade.
Portugal navigation knowledgeable experts say: sailing west to reach east of the actual distance, will far exceed the forecast of Columbus. but it is the right to judge the Portuguese experts, so that the loss of a kingdom of Portugal historic opportunity.
1492 年 1 month, just finished Queen Isabel reunification Columbus summoned the third time.
Portugal rely on the rapid rise of sea power, jealous of the whole of Europe was dog eat dog, but the financial, material and The lack of qualified personnel of all kings, aristocrats, business people flinched. ambitious Queen Isabel in 23 years to create a unified Spain, and now, she started to become a Spanish explorer of the total ocean-going sponsor.
Interview: Ancient Spain Fe Juarez. Meli multi Professor Sonia. Arda. Messias
united country only have sufficient strength and determination, to finance such a great voyage of Columbus, which was fully demonstrated Europe's strength and determination of feudal power.
Columbus and the Spanish royal family for three months negotiations.
family was born in Columbus, cloth merchants, from small business to monasteries bargaining behavior in the eight years of sailing experience and Portugal gave him a reason to improve the price tag, Columbus confidently enough to fight for their rights.
the Queen does not believe that people with a common interest to sit down and discuss the allocation of what is wrong.
Interview: Spanish Speaker Distance Education University professor Carlos. Martinez. Xiao
for the colonial occupation, though done by the explorer, but its base is a contract with the royal family and the treaty, which seemed to take the lead in the chorus is As lead singer, received by the explorers to colonize the colonies, but the colony's sovereignty belongs to the royal family still.
1492 年 4 17, the two sides signed the agreement, the state will end with the navigator's desire to combine together. < br> Columbus, was appointed commander in chief were found, can be found in everything from one-tenth of the wealth and goods unless special exemption; for the future of this earthly vessel bound for Columbus to charge one-eighth of its profit. < br> 8 3 May, the Navy awarded the Grand Marshal of the Queen with the appointment of state, Columbus on deck, on the Queen to his three sailing funded the sailing orders issued.
west. then west. sailboat into the heart of the Atlantic.
order to reduce the crew to leave the land too far because of the fear generated, Columbus secretly adjusted the meter tools, daily reporting of some of sailing miles. but even so, two months after nothing of the fleet went to the brink of collapse remains.
10 10 May, anxiety and anger of the crew said it will continue westbound rebellion. heated debate, the Columbus proposals: longer follow the three days, three days later to see if it but not the land, the fleet to return.
Interview: Spanish National Distance Education University professor Carlos Speaker. Martinez. Xiao
no doubt he is very wise to do so, because just three days after the riot, He was opposed to the mast the sailors shouted: land, is located in North America today, the Bahamas, from that day, together fragmented world began.
Although Columbus died thought he reached India, but the fact is neither he arrived in China, but also not India, but Europeans have never known a piece of the New World.
because of misjudgment of Columbus, the indigenous people have a piece of land that they have nothing to do with the name of mm Indians, even today, We also feel as though they were distant relatives in Asia.
off in Columbus this year, the man produced the earliest globe, in this globe, this position belongs to the American continent or an ocean.
Spainwere surrounded by Indians, holding the streets of colorful parrots.
triumph, but is not the first to see Columbus Queen Isabel of Spain, but Columbus was rejected King Joao II of Portugal, Columbus was returning First to reach Lisbon, João II, interviewed him specifically.
of uncertainty and a bowl of João II of dry beans used, so that Columbus brought the Indians put on the table looks like the New World. The game was the geographical so that he secretly wringing: adjacent to the maritime powers were before the discovery of who has the right to do future world?
Interview: Sarah Portuguese historian JH
by tile in that era, on the theory that the sea, the sea is not open, people think that the discoverer of the sea belong to it, no doubt, the Portuguese found it.
after nearly a year of negotiations, June 7, 1494, under the auspices of the Pope in Rome, Lisbon, Portugal and Spain on the outskirts of the town signed the treaty: to draw a line in the earth, and then, like the Earth as a melon Chessie two and a half. Portugal took the east, Spain to hold in the arms of the Americas.
drawn from this was paintings point of view, the bargaining process is intense, but in fact, accurate calculations and does not make much sense, because both the Portuguese or Spanish, and the European continent than just have a little bit of contact, no one know exactly how much the planet.
Interview: Spain Gutierrez. Meli more Dean Isidro. Cypriots just Sepulveda. Munoz
this treaty in Western Civilization significance of the resulting established the precedent of the colonial powers carved up, a trend that later culminated in the Treaty of Berlin, the European countries will sit together around the world are all known and unknown place to be assigned to form the prototype of the world situation today . we can say that the global expansion began in the Western world began to the treaty.
rules of the game has been developed, the next thing is to see who was faster action.
1498 年 5 months, after four years of death in the face, Portuguese navigators reached. Gama led the fleet finally arrived at Calicut in India in Hong Kong, which is seventy years ago, Zheng He, the kingdom of heaven is an ideal place to display.
different and Zheng, Portugal man this brings not only a friendly greeting, when the Indians asked the purpose of their arrival, the tat. gamma very succinctly replied: nearly a century of difficult exploration, the desire Enrique Prince finally become a reality, the European navigators decades of accumulated knowledge and courage to start into a dazzling wealth.
the face of the success of the Portuguese in the East, Spain again departure.
1519 年 9 20 March, another snub by the Portuguese navigator Magellan, with five ships and 265 crew members, the first time in human history began sailing around the Earth.
This is undoubtedly an epoch-making feat, its meaning can even leave the Earth to the moon and human than, the difference is when American astronaut Neil. Armstrong carefully taken that step, he knew that at least seven hundred million around the world people are cheering for him.
but 450 years ago, Magellan was not so lucky. in the day and night through 1080, 17,000 km range, the September 5, 1521, in this magnificent church, around the Earth 18 survivors lit candles hand engine, in this epic voyage of the great prayer warriors died, including their captain was killed Magellan in the Philippines.
18 盏 candlelight is so weak, but it is light The process of human civilization is!
now displayed in front of Western Europeans, is not a quarter of a hemisphere, but the entire planet.
earth twirled, cartographers working hard day and night, still can not satisfy people's demand for revision of the map, the map coloring in the humid and when not to be removed, new routes opened up a navigator in Europe to control the world chain.
onslaught in the gunboats , a strategic point of traffic at sea have become a foregone conclusion and Portugal, from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean is the use of more than 50 locations, half a world monopoly of the Portuguese merchant routes. In the early 16th century the first five years, Portuguese spice trading volume increased rapidly from 220,000 pounds to 230 pounds, became the dominant power in maritime trade.
harvest and Portugal in the East compared to Spain's looting of the American continent more direct.
According to statistics, from 1502 to 1660, Spain from the Americas by 18,600 tons and 200 tons of silver, up up gold, to the late 16th century, the world's gold production, 83% of Spanish possession.
the expansion phase with the Europeans accompanied, however, are the two major centers of civilization of American Elegy. to 1570, the war came the massacres and epidemics in Europe, so that the population in Mexico fell from 25 million to 265 million, Peru's population from 9,000,000 down to 1,300,000 . America's Native Indians since the drastic reduction in 90%.
Interview: New University of Lisbon, Portugal Professor Antonio. Manuel. España. Osiris door
when Portugal and Spain When the royal family together, that is, Philip I of Portugal or Spain during the reign of Philip II, Philip said to the Kingdom of the sun never land, because the territory of the King of Portugal and Spain to reach the whole world, from Mexico to the Philippines, China, India and Africa.
in Europe, the Spanish rule nearly half of the Catholic world; in Asia, it conquered the Philippines; and outside of the Americas except Brazil, owned by Spain. Portuguese colonies throughout Africa, Brazil and Central Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean island routes.
Iberian Peninsula created a mythical miracle, this miracle will not do, like fairy tales, see the first but not the tail, misty uncertain, do come and gone?
This is the only Madrid a square named after country, the pride of the Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes mm impressively stands in the middle of the monument, each approached the Cervantes who could not help to touch the ride Shouma Church. Don Quixote and Sancho followed by servants.
Interview: Spain Gutierrez. Meli more Dean Isidro. Cypriots just Sepulveda.
Munoz Cervantes has published many books during his lifetime, his plays were also popular works, but he lived a destitute old age, life, he knew somebody who did not give him enough funding life, so that When he died is still very poor.
Cervantes's fate reflects the subtle rise and fall of the Iberian Peninsula.
royalty and the powerful support of religious fanaticism, the Iberian Asian peninsula conquered the sea, access to the world. However, the influx of wealth, like the tides, almost all used to support the religious beliefs of the colonial expansion of the war, but not really allow for the development of industrial and commercial prosperity of the country up . powerful nobles want to see the development of trade and industry led to the rise of new forces, they even absurd to put tens of thousands of foreigners engaged in business, away from their own land was.
Interview: Spain Speaker National University of Distance Education Professor Carlos. Martinez. Xiao
Spain getting used to it, do not invest their own industries, and turned to buying expensive goods abroad, over time, sharp fall in domestic industry, while the currency has depreciated sharply , people are still addicted to consumption.
Interview: former Chairman of the Portuguese maritime Jordan King Memorial. Magellan
we know that an institution is likely to change because there is no ability to make know the colonial expansion of Portugal and Spain appeared in this period is the decline because they can not make a change.
Rocca angle of the sun slowly sets, and this is the last hint of sunshine Europe.
to 16 half of the century, once had countless gold and silver and very powerful state machine of the Iberian Peninsula, the performance in the world to start the curtain call. water in general and the influx of wealth flow out like water, in addition to luxury social trends, the industry did not leave a decent, ordinary people did not even get decent food, clothing, shelter,.
perhaps, indulge in the medieval church heroic dreams. Quixote does not understand death, and his shield is a cover of the old world, stabbing his spear is a new world, the end can only be repeated frustration and failure!
history of the world's first drama on the stage ended tragically. The next a, which will be a country, wearing the new world Rays debut to perform it?
】 【Order】
most historians believe that: before and after 1500 was an important watershed in the history of mankind, Since then, human history can be called a true sense of the history of the world. Prior to this, but isolated from human life independent of each other a few pieces of land, a continent that no one can know exactly , whether the Earth round or square, and almost every piece of land people think they live in the center of the world.
1500 years ago, China is in the Ming Dynasty under the rule. Zheng He's fleet of seven voyages, but not to open up trade, but to promote an ideal emperor. after the death of Zheng, the Chinese figure disappeared in the ocean.
Arab and Indian traders and Europe, Asia, Africa and the continent continues to the business dealings, but the scope of their activities largely confined to the Indian Ocean.
This was described by Europeans, the world's three continents mm known in Europe, Asia and Africa, respectively, by three Christian kings Other places are not open chaos.
but in the year 1400 after two centuries, European drawings were described by several large land like a growing embryo, and gradually by the fuzzy lumps, evolved into today are familiar with the appearance of clearly visible.
It is from that time onwards, fragmented world started together, caused by the geographical discovery of the national competition, opened the inter-linkages of different civilizations, each looking at the same time fighting against each other and the history of the big screen.
Amazingly, open the curtain of this history of mankind, not when the economic and cultural center of Europe, but occupies a continent in the southwest corner of the two areas do not mm large country, Portugal and Spain. Five hundred years ago, they have become the dominating global hegemony, spheres of influence throughout Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas.
So, what forces to conquer the Iberian Peninsula in a small marine and thus dominate the world more than a century it?
the set Title: Episode Marine Times
conquered conquered from the beginning. From the 11th century to 11th century AD, two thousand years, incessant war on the Iberian Peninsula, the land has been occupied by Romans, Germanic and Moorish conquest. matador, as one desperate, the people living in this land has never stopped with the intruder struggle, until today, we can still clearly feel as if rooted in the genes that the pursuit of stimulation, adventurous pride.
long two thousand years, tears, pain and sacrifice in exchange for valuable free at last .
the year 1143, an independent monarchy, Portugal, in the recovery of territory in the war came into being, and received papal recognition, which appears on the European continent's first unified nation-state.
Interview: Sarah by the Portuguese historian JH
12 watts and features 13th century Portugal, it is not a feudal separatism in the country, but the people of the kingdom, the king of Portugal, not only by the nobility, that is, his minister are supported and embraced by the people.
powerful monarchy that the Portuguese have a strong national sense of belonging, but to achieve prosperity of the country is still a long journey. Portugal, less than a million square kilometers of the development of space, resources are very scarce, the east neighbor of the endless war, and continued harassment of a piece of barren land, the independent Kingdom of Portugal after the experience of two centuries later, remains a dangerous, precarious.
the lead in establishing the How can the nation-state for how long? powerful monarchy will give it what? Portugal, where the future of the nation? have been people living near the sea-fishing, had set our sights on being called Atlantic.
the ship's monument, in 1960 the Portuguese Government to commemorate the The Way of the British ...
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