Rise of Great Powers

 Rise of Great Powers
Most historians believe that: before and after 1500 was an important watershed in human history, from that time began, human history can be called a true sense of the history of the world. Prior to this, human living in isolation from each other but on separate pieces of land, a continent that no one can know exactly, what is the Earth round or square, and almost every piece of land people think they live in the world Center.
1500 years ago, China is in the Ming Dynasty under the rule. Zheng He's fleet of seven ocean voyages, but not to open up trade, but to promote an ideal emperor. after the death of Zheng, the Chinese The figure disappeared in the ocean.
Arab and Indian traders and Europe, Asia, Africa continued business dealings with the mainland, but the scope of their activities largely confined to the Indian Ocean.
This was described by Europeans of the world, known to three continents mm Europe, Asia and Africa, respectively, by three Christian kings, and other places are not open chaos.
but in the year 1400 after two centuries, Europe pen drawing of several large land-based people like growing embryo, and gradually shaped by the obscure group evolved into what we know today looks clearly visible.
It is from that time onwards, together fragmented world began , caused by the geographical discovery of the national competition, opened the inter-linkages of different civilizations, mutual gaze, but also the history of fighting against each other and the big screen.
Amazingly, open the curtain of this history of mankind not at the economic and cultural center of Europe, but in continental Europe occupies a small area southwest corner of the country's two mm, Portugal and Spain. Five hundred years ago, they have become the dominating global hegemony, spheres of influence in Europe,br> conquer was conquered from the beginning. From the 11th century to 11th century AD, two thousand years, incessant war on the Iberian Peninsula, the land has been occupied by Romans, Germanic and the Moors conquest. matador as one desperate, the people living in this land has never stopped the fight with the invaders, until today, we can still clearly feel as if rooted in the genes that the pursuit of stimulation, like adventure pride.
long two thousand years, tears, pain and sacrifice finally paid out for the riches of freedom.
AD 1143, an independent monarchy, Portugal, in the recovery of territory in the war came into being , and received papal recognition, which appears on the European continent's first unified nation-state.
Interview: Sarah by the Portuguese historian JH W
12 and the characteristics of 13th century Portugal, it is not a feudal separatism in the country, but the people of the kingdom, the king of Portugal, not only by the nobility, that is, the support of his vassals, and embraced by the people.
powerful monarchy that the Portuguese have a strong national ownership sense, but to achieve prosperity of the country is still a long journey. Portugal, less than a million square kilometers of space for development, resources are very scarce, the eastern neighbors of the endless war, and continued harassment of a piece of barren land, after independence After the Kingdom of Portugal, after two centuries, it is still dangerous, precarious.
the first to establish whether the nation-state can last? powerful monarchy will give it what? Portugal, where the future of the nation ? have been people living near the sea-fishing, had set our sights on being called ; five hundred anniversary of the death of building, the monument's front reads: Under the leadership of Enrique, Portugal started to conquer the sea journey.
Enrique was born in 1394, King Joao I of Portugal's third son.
then Europe is out from the ignorance of the Middle Ages , began in earnest in the Italian Renaissance, such as spark a prairie fire step by step, scientific and cultural ideas that point to light the skies of Europe.
just 12 years old when the Prince Enrique, 1406, a dusty a thousand two hundred years of book publishing, has led to a revolution in geographical knowledge and concepts, which is the writings of ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy mm Chairman Jordan payment. Magellan
this book and many of the works of Greece, like other scholars, at the time was forgotten. Meanwhile, in Asia, this book has not been forgotten. and in Western Europe until 1406 before in Italy is concerned, from the late 15th century began to be printed and published, before they get spread more widely.
While watching today, Ptolemy world map drawn many errors, such as Africa and Antarctica are closely linked, with the exception of Europe Asia, outside of Africa, the world is an endless ocean, plants and animals to survive without the equator, etc., but at the time, it is illusory than those of travel myths and hearsay, still provide many more reliable geographic information.
Ptolemy described the world really is like this? Atlantic really can not sail it? huge question mark plagued the European continent, but also a burning obsession with geography and navigation strategies in Prince Enrique.
At the same time , a sudden big changes in his history again pushed the front of Portugal, leveraging the protagonist of history is that these seem unremarkable today, pepper.
Today, it is difficult to understand even the Europeans themselves, their Why are spices so dependent on fathers!
interview: Spain International Institute for Strategic Studies Research Fellow Royal Carlos. Mara Mulder
at the time, 14,15 century, methods of food preservation is dependent on spices, because There was no fridge. So the Europeans are pressing for the needs of spices, spice prices in the European market also reached an unprecedented height.
However, the lucrative spice trade, first monopolized by Arab traders, then, trade routes has been suddenly blocking the rise of the Turkish Ottoman Empire. The European rush to bail out, whether it is the sacred religion, or secular business, are hoping to find strong measures to reverse this situation. in the land after the failure of a military breakthrough, restless Europeans began to seek a way out to the sea.
Europeans how to be successful then?
Sagres, Portugal, the southern tip of a small fishing village, until today, there are still very bleak.
chronicle under the Portuguese records, the 15th century, under the auspices of the Prince Enrique, where the history of mankind has been established the first national sailing school, there have been built for the marine observatory and a library, this lighthouse was built in the 15th century , after almost six years of wind, frost, snow and rain, is still proudly stands.
interview: Professor of Religious Studies Natalie Portugal. Kelei Ya. Gede Si
According to historical records at that time, especially biography Writers Fernandez. Lopez's record, Don. Henrique Prince is a very serious, decisive, he is very clear what he needs, good with excellent staff around him to get along.
we do not know seem to face Enrique old-fashioned because of the prince with ingenious and tolerant, or as inclusive and has the ingenious. Italians, Arabs, Jews, Moors, of different races and even different faiths, experts and scholars gathered at his command. They Improved Chinese compass, the only corner with a traditional European sailing ships, converted into two or three with a multi-masted fast spinnaker sailing, it is these more than 20 meters long and 60-80 tons of heavy dhows the ultimate success of the Portuguese explorers ambition; they also established a committee composed of mathematicians, the mathematics, astronomy, the theory used in navigation, so that the voyage was a real science.
Interview: History of Portugal by Sarah Watts
JH scientists found the first sailing as a national program in Portugal, is a national program, a program hosted by a prince. This makes the Portuguese merchant marine discovery unlike those conducted for the trade the isolation of adventure, but a planned two years, systematic organization of tasks and strategies.
through twenty years of exploration of the theory and practice, the original mystery, fearsome Atlantic gradually revealed some regularity. Finally off the Portuguese south.
guests each visit to Portugal, Rocca angle is the inevitable choice, this is Europe's > just entering the autumn, the cold wind has been blowing visitors can not play based on!
thousands of years, stretching from sea water this stone is like a lonely old man, but to keep looking at the stormy Atlantic, keep looking at the European nightmare. until the 16th century, Portugal's greatest poet ever Kameng Si fighting sea journey in writing the epic, the fulcrum of the New World.
AD 1443, under the command of the Prince Enrique, from the angle of departure of the Portuguese navigator Rocca across the West African coast Bohaduoer angle. Prior to this, here is the end of the known world.
for this One day, the prince and his fleet Enrique has been fighting for 21 years.
mixed with the Chinese fleet of Zheng He's compared to the Portuguese sailing two or three small, but, with the adventurous nature of wealth desire and a strong religious fervor, the Portuguese finally broke through the medieval European maritime sector in the psychological and physiological limits.
interview: Louis Vice Chancellor, University of Porto, Portugal. Adam. tat. Fonseca
with overseas expansion to continue to advance, more and more people reach the sea, so the formation of the waters, and now they found that the large marine bigger than they imagine, it is also the south and west infinitely 延伸.
along the west coast of Africa with the Portuguese, all the way south, a steady stream of gold, ivory , and the influx of African pepper, Lisbon, Portugal's treasury full.
Fortunately, with great fanfare in the Portuguese marine explore and benefit from nearly a century, other parts of Europe, the Middle Ages are still closed in the infighting :
England and France have not formed a unified nation-state, wars among the nobility;
German land hundreds of nations large and small, distant past during the attack of the game;
Italian city-states are Enjoy the traditional trade will bring a wonderful time last;
Spain and Portugal's neighbors are still fighting for the recovery of land.
to 1460, painted by the Portuguese west coast of Africa on the map has reached 4,000 kilometers . In that year, Enrique died, the never married, 45 years in Sagres ascetic saint's side returned to their parents.
Although Enrique lives have never personally out to sea, is worthy of the Enrique's death 27 years later, the successor to the Portuguese seafaring King João II, continue to send Dias rate three sailing south along the Atlantic Ocean.
six months after the voyage, the fleet suffered a rare sudden storm In coerced by the storm, passively drifting southeast, after 13 days and nights, Dias ordered the fleet turned north, this time, he unexpectedly found: fleet has been around the southernmost tip of Africa. To commemorate the Nine Lives of legendary, Dias to the Cape named Portuguese will be able to reach the dream of the Orient. trade routes will open up, meaning that wealth will soon master the spice trade in the hands of Portugal.
However, at this time, the Portuguese encountered a formidable opponent, and that Spain had just unified neighbors. So, what the Spanish and Portuguese will be competitive with it?
Granada in Spain today, the most Islamic-style city, Islamic architecture of the classic Alhambra Palace, after soldiers fire several difficult centuries, still elegant and dignified.
hundred years ago, Spain battle for the final recovery of exercise here to .1490 in the spring, led by Spain's Queen Isabel Granada, surrounded by thousands of troops .
Interview: Spanish military historian Julio. penaranda. Alwar
the reconstruction of the Kingdom of Spain, largely thanks to regain lost ground in the war, the war lasted a full eight century. to the 15th century, the Kingdom is still in the Granada Muslims under the rule of the Moors.
opposite in Granada this stone castle, the Queen Isabel to personally supervise operations. The queen usually a white, every day To change clothes four times a bath, beauty, European royal family has been amazing. But she made the oath under the weight: not capture Granada never took off his shirt.
1492 年 1 2 March, the army violently in Spain attack, the Moors abandon the city to surrender. as long as the war came to an end the eight century. Isabel Granada kissed the Queen of the land, with her husband, King Ferdinand went into Alhambra Palace.
and to unity has just been completed in Spain when the history of Spain sent a golden opportunity.
with the Queen to enter the ranks of Granada, there is a wait for the Queen summoned the Genoese, he is then were moving the world The Christopher Columbus..
was already widely spread from the round earth theory, the Columbus had an idea, that is: towards the west can reach the East. Columbus believed that his plan will soon be sailing Europeans to the east, but in the previous six years, Columbus has been subjected to cold in Portugal.
Interview: Spain Gutierrez.
Meli, vice president of multi-Ferdinand. Ah Ligo. Gouy Calvo Alan Ge
Columbus João II, did not accept the proposal because of Portugal's maritime strategy is over the Cape of Good Hope, through Africa and then east to seek new routes to reach Asia, and thus and India trade.
Portugal navigation knowledgeable experts say: sailing west to reach east of the actual distance, will far exceed the forecast of Columbus. but it is the right to judge the Portuguese experts, so that the loss of a kingdom of Portugal historic opportunity.
1492 年 1 month, just finished Queen Isabel reunification Columbus summoned the third time.
Portugal rely on the rapid rise of sea power, jealous of the whole of Europe was dog eat dog, but the financial, material and The lack of qualified personnel of all kings, aristocrats, business people flinched. ambitious Queen Isabel in 23 years to create a unified Spain, and now, she started to become a Spanish explorer of the total ocean-going sponsor.
Interview: Ancient Spain Fe Juarez. Meli multi Professor Sonia. Arda. Messias
united country only have sufficient strength and determination, to finance such a great voyage of Columbus, which was fully demonstrated Europe's strength and determination of feudal power.
Columbus and the Spanish royal family for three months negotiations.
family was born in Columbus, cloth merchants, from small business to monasteries bargaining behavior in the eight years of sailing experience and Portugal gave him a reason to improve the price tag, Columbus confidently enough to fight for their rights.
the Queen does not believe that people with a common interest to sit down and discuss the allocation of what is wrong.
Interview: Spanish Speaker Distance Education University professor Carlos. Martinez. Xiao
for the colonial occupation, though done by the explorer, but its base is a contract with the royal family and the treaty, which seemed to take the lead in the chorus is As lead singer, received by the explorers to colonize the colonies, but the colony's sovereignty belongs to the royal family still.
1492 年 4 17, the two sides signed the agreement, the state will end with the navigator's desire to combine together. < br> Columbus, was appointed commander in chief were found, can be found in everything from one-tenth of the wealth and goods unless special exemption; for the future of this earthly vessel bound for Columbus to charge one-eighth of its profit. < br> 8 3 May, the Navy awarded the Grand Marshal of the Queen with the appointment of state, Columbus on deck, on the Queen to his three sailing funded the sailing orders issued.
west. then west. sailboat into the heart of the Atlantic.
order to reduce the crew to leave the land too far because of the fear generated, Columbus secretly adjusted the meter tools, daily reporting of some of sailing miles. but even so, two months after nothing of the fleet went to the brink of collapse remains.
10 10 May, anxiety and anger of the crew said it will continue westbound rebellion. heated debate, the Columbus proposals: longer follow the three days, three days later to see if it but not the land, the fleet to return.
Interview: Spanish National Distance Education University professor Carlos Speaker. Martinez. Xiao
no doubt he is very wise to do so, because just three days after the riot, He was opposed to the mast the sailors shouted: land, is located in North America today, the Bahamas, from that day, together fragmented world began.
Although Columbus died thought he reached India, but the fact is neither he arrived in China, but also not India, but Europeans have never known a piece of the New World.
because of misjudgment of Columbus, the indigenous people have a piece of land that they have nothing to do with the name of mm Indians, even today, We also feel as though they were distant relatives in Asia.
off in Columbus this year, the man produced the earliest globe, in this globe, this position belongs to the American continent or an ocean.
Spainwere surrounded by Indians, holding the streets of colorful parrots.
triumph, but is not the first to see Columbus Queen Isabel of Spain, but Columbus was rejected King Joao II of Portugal, Columbus was returning First to reach Lisbon, João II, interviewed him specifically.
of uncertainty and a bowl of João II of dry beans used, so that Columbus brought the Indians put on the table looks like the New World. The game was the geographical so that he secretly wringing: adjacent to the maritime powers were before the discovery of who has the right to do future world?
Interview: Sarah Portuguese historian JH
by tile in that era, on the theory that the sea, the sea is not open, people think that the discoverer of the sea belong to it, no doubt, the Portuguese found it.
after nearly a year of negotiations, June 7, 1494, under the auspices of the Pope in Rome, Lisbon, Portugal and Spain on the outskirts of the town signed the treaty: to draw a line in the earth, and then, like the Earth as a melon Chessie two and a half. Portugal took the east, Spain to hold in the arms of the Americas.
drawn from this was paintings point of view, the bargaining process is intense, but in fact, accurate calculations and does not make much sense, because both the Portuguese or Spanish, and the European continent than just have a little bit of contact, no one know exactly how much the planet.
Interview: Spain Gutierrez. Meli more Dean Isidro. Cypriots just Sepulveda. Munoz
this treaty in Western Civilization significance of the resulting established the precedent of the colonial powers carved up, a trend that later culminated in the Treaty of Berlin, the European countries will sit together around the world are all known and unknown place to be assigned to form the prototype of the world situation today . we can say that the global expansion began in the Western world began to the treaty.
rules of the game has been developed, the next thing is to see who was faster action.
1498 年 5 months, after four years of death in the face, Portuguese navigators reached. Gama led the fleet finally arrived at Calicut in India in Hong Kong, which is seventy years ago, Zheng He, the kingdom of heaven is an ideal place to display.
different and Zheng, Portugal man this brings not only a friendly greeting, when the Indians asked the purpose of their arrival, the tat. gamma very succinctly replied: nearly a century of difficult exploration, the desire Enrique Prince finally become a reality, the European navigators decades of accumulated knowledge and courage to start into a dazzling wealth.
the face of the success of the Portuguese in the East, Spain again departure.
1519 年 9 20 March, another snub by the Portuguese navigator Magellan, with five ships and 265 crew members, the first time in human history began sailing around the Earth.
This is undoubtedly an epoch-making feat, its meaning can even leave the Earth to the moon and human than, the difference is when American astronaut Neil. Armstrong carefully taken that step, he knew that at least seven hundred million around the world people are cheering for him.
but 450 years ago, Magellan was not so lucky. in the day and night through 1080, 17,000 km range, the September 5, 1521, in this magnificent church, around the Earth 18 survivors lit candles hand engine, in this epic voyage of the great prayer warriors died, including their captain was killed Magellan in the Philippines.
18 盏 candlelight is so weak, but it is light The process of human civilization is!
now displayed in front of Western Europeans, is not a quarter of a hemisphere, but the entire planet.
earth twirled, cartographers working hard day and night, still can not satisfy people's demand for revision of the map, the map coloring in the humid and when not to be removed, new routes opened up a navigator in Europe to control the world chain.
onslaught in the gunboats , a strategic point of traffic at sea have become a foregone conclusion and Portugal, from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean is the use of more than 50 locations, half a world monopoly of the Portuguese merchant routes. In the early 16th century the first five years, Portuguese spice trading volume increased rapidly from 220,000 pounds to 230 pounds, became the dominant power in maritime trade.
harvest and Portugal in the East compared to Spain's looting of the American continent more direct.
According to statistics, from 1502 to 1660, Spain from the Americas by 18,600 tons and 200 tons of silver, up up gold, to the late 16th century, the world's gold production, 83% of Spanish possession.
the expansion phase with the Europeans accompanied, however, are the two major centers of civilization of American Elegy. to 1570, the war came the massacres and epidemics in Europe, so that the population in Mexico fell from 25 million to 265 million, Peru's population from 9,000,000 down to 1,300,000 . America's Native Indians since the drastic reduction in 90%.
Interview: New University of Lisbon, Portugal Professor Antonio. Manuel. España. Osiris door
when Portugal and Spain When the royal family together, that is, Philip I of Portugal or Spain during the reign of Philip II, Philip said to the Kingdom of the sun never land, because the territory of the King of Portugal and Spain to reach the whole world, from Mexico to the Philippines, China, India and Africa.
in Europe, the Spanish rule nearly half of the Catholic world; in Asia, it conquered the Philippines; and outside of the Americas except Brazil, owned by Spain. Portuguese colonies throughout Africa, Brazil and Central Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean island routes.
Iberian Peninsula created a mythical miracle, this miracle will not do, like fairy tales, see the first but not the tail, misty uncertain, do come and gone?
This is the only Madrid a square named after country, the pride of the Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes mm impressively stands in the middle of the monument, each approached the Cervantes who could not help to touch the ride Shouma Church. Don Quixote and Sancho followed by servants.
Interview: Spain Gutierrez. Meli more Dean Isidro. Cypriots just Sepulveda.
Munoz Cervantes has published many books during his lifetime, his plays were also popular works, but he lived a destitute old age, life, he knew somebody who did not give him enough funding life, so that When he died is still very poor.
Cervantes's fate reflects the subtle rise and fall of the Iberian Peninsula.
royalty and the powerful support of religious fanaticism, the Iberian Asian peninsula conquered the sea, access to the world. However, the influx of wealth, like the tides, almost all used to support the religious beliefs of the colonial expansion of the war, but not really allow for the development of industrial and commercial prosperity of the country up . powerful nobles want to see the development of trade and industry led to the rise of new forces, they even absurd to put tens of thousands of foreigners engaged in business, away from their own land was.
Interview: Spain Speaker National University of Distance Education Professor Carlos. Martinez. Xiao
Spain getting used to it, do not invest their own industries, and turned to buying expensive goods abroad, over time, sharp fall in domestic industry, while the currency has depreciated sharply , people are still addicted to consumption.
Interview: former Chairman of the Portuguese maritime Jordan King Memorial. Magellan
we know that an institution is likely to change because there is no ability to make know the colonial expansion of Portugal and Spain appeared in this period is the decline because they can not make a change.
Rocca angle of the sun slowly sets, and this is the last hint of sunshine Europe.
to 16 half of the century, once had countless gold and silver and very powerful state machine of the Iberian Peninsula, the performance in the world to start the curtain call. water in general and the influx of wealth flow out like water, in addition to luxury social trends, the industry did not leave a decent, ordinary people did not even get decent food, clothing, shelter,.
perhaps, indulge in the medieval church heroic dreams. Quixote does not understand death, and his shield is a cover of the old world, stabbing his spear is a new world, the end can only be repeated frustration and failure!
history of the world's first drama on the stage ended tragically. The next a, which will be a country, wearing the new world Rays debut to perform it?
】 【Order】
most historians believe that: before and after 1500 was an important watershed in the history of mankind, Since then, human history can be called a true sense of the history of the world. Prior to this, but isolated from human life independent of each other a few pieces of land, a continent that no one can know exactly , whether the Earth round or square, and almost every piece of land people think they live in the center of the world.
1500 years ago, China is in the Ming Dynasty under the rule. Zheng He's fleet of seven voyages, but not to open up trade, but to promote an ideal emperor. after the death of Zheng, the Chinese figure disappeared in the ocean.
Arab and Indian traders and Europe, Asia, Africa and the continent continues to the business dealings, but the scope of their activities largely confined to the Indian Ocean.
This was described by Europeans, the world's three continents mm known in Europe, Asia and Africa, respectively, by three Christian kings Other places are not open chaos.
but in the year 1400 after two centuries, European drawings were described by several large land like a growing embryo, and gradually by the fuzzy lumps, evolved into today are familiar with the appearance of clearly visible.
It is from that time onwards, fragmented world started together, caused by the geographical discovery of the national competition, opened the inter-linkages of different civilizations, each looking at the same time fighting against each other and the history of the big screen.
Amazingly, open the curtain of this history of mankind, not when the economic and cultural center of Europe, but occupies a continent in the southwest corner of the two areas do not mm large country, Portugal and Spain. Five hundred years ago, they have become the dominating global hegemony, spheres of influence throughout Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas.
So, what forces to conquer the Iberian Peninsula in a small marine and thus dominate the world more than a century it?
the set Title: Episode Marine Times
conquered conquered from the beginning. From the 11th century to 11th century AD, two thousand years, incessant war on the Iberian Peninsula, the land has been occupied by Romans, Germanic and Moorish conquest. matador, as one desperate, the people living in this land has never stopped with the intruder struggle, until today, we can still clearly feel as if rooted in the genes that the pursuit of stimulation, adventurous pride.
long two thousand years, tears, pain and sacrifice in exchange for valuable free at last .
the year 1143, an independent monarchy, Portugal, in the recovery of territory in the war came into being, and received papal recognition, which appears on the European continent's first unified nation-state.
Interview: Sarah by the Portuguese historian JH
12 watts and features 13th century Portugal, it is not a feudal separatism in the country, but the people of the kingdom, the king of Portugal, not only by the nobility, that is, his minister are supported and embraced by the people.
powerful monarchy that the Portuguese have a strong national sense of belonging, but to achieve prosperity of the country is still a long journey. Portugal, less than a million square kilometers of the development of space, resources are very scarce, the east neighbor of the endless war, and continued harassment of a piece of barren land, the independent Kingdom of Portugal after the experience of two centuries later, remains a dangerous, precarious.
the lead in establishing the How can the nation-state for how long? powerful monarchy will give it what? Portugal, where the future of the nation? have been people living near the sea-fishing, had set our sights on being called Atlantic.
the ship's monument, in 1960 the Portuguese Government to commemorate the The Way of the British ...